the risk of health. These girls have nothing to prevent their _____against the wind

A growing amount of research shows a pessimistic outlook can take a huge toll （损失) o

n your health. This may be because pessimists are not as good as optimists at handling stress, which damages the immune system and causes other health problems, such as high blood pressure. Optimists go into situations with more confidence, so events seem less threatening and stressful. And in situations where stress is unavoidable, positive thinkers also have stronger coping methods. Looking at the bright side may also lead to a longer life. Researchers have found that those who were pessimists had a 19 percent increased risk of death. Studies of HIV patients also have found that the health of optimists doesn’t decline as rapidly.Fortunately, even a confirmed negativist (否定论者) can change. To start with, experts recommend using a trick called creative accounting. Keep a mental checklist of all the good things that happen to you. Simply focusing on the positive can boost (提升) your mood. You can also try to avoid upward comparison. There will always be someone prettier or wealthier, but constantly comparing yourself to them will leave you feeling down and envious (妒忌的).Finally, recognize how your mood affects your outlook. Optimists know that if they are in good spirits, their day-after-day experiences and interactions are more positive. So see if you can muster (鼓起，振起) a smile. The result might be a happier — and healthier — you.

(1) Which one is NOT true according to the passage？

A、Optimists are usually happier and healthier than pessimists.

B、Optimists have stronger coping methods than pessimists.

C、Pessimists have a 19 percent increased risk of death.

D、Pessimists are never feeling down and envious.

(2) How can a confirmed negativist change？

A、Keeping a mental checklist of all the good things that happen to you.

B、Simply focusing on the positive.

C、Trying to avoid upward comparison.

D、All of the above.

(3) According to the passage, the pessimistic outlook can directly lead to _______.

A、a huge toll on your wealth

B、bad immune system and other health problems, such as high blood pressure

C、having trouble in handling stress

D、going into situations with more confidence

(4) Which one is the most appropriate title for the passage？

A、Pessimistic Outlook Does Harm to Your Health.

B、Pessimists and Optimists.

C、How Can a Confirmed Negativist Change？

D、Outlook and Mood.

(5) Where can you most probably find this passage？

A、Sports Weekly.

B、Ladies’ Home Journal.

C、Business Circle.

D、Biographies.

acations help the couple to maintain their health and emotional well­being­­and it’s no surprise to health care professionals.

“Rest, relaxation, and stress reduction are very important for people’s well­being and health. This can be accomplished through daily activities, such as exercise and meditation, but vacation is an important part of this as well, ” said primary care physician Natasha Withers from One Medical Group in New York. Withers lists a decreased risk of heart disease and improved reaction time as some of the benefits from taking some time off.“We also know that the mind is very powerful and can help with healing，so a rested，relaxed mind is able to help the body heal better, ” said Withers.

Psychologists confirm the value of vacations for the mind.“The impact that taking a vacation has on one’s mental health is great, ” said Francine Lederer, a clinical psychologist in Los Angeles who specializes in stress and relationship management.“Most people have better life perspective and are more motivated to achieve their goals after a vacation，even if it is a 24­hour time­out.” The trips could be good for their health, good for their family and good for their businesses.

The online travel agency Expedia conducted a survey about vacation time in 2010, and according to their data the average American earned 18 vacation days—but only used 14 of them. France topped the list, with the average worker earning 37 vacation days and using all but two of them. Americans’ responses may not be surprising in a culture where long hours on the job often are valued, but that’s not always good for the individual, the family or the employer.

Psychologists have also found that people who don’t take enough time to relax may find it harder to relax in the future.“Without time and opportunity to do this，the nerve connections that produce feelings of calm and peacefulness become weaker, making it actually more difficult to shift into less­stressed states, ” Mulhern said.

阅读B-16题干中Passage One材料，完成本题。

B-17.According to Natasha Withers，vacations can________.

A、weaken reaction system

B、cure serious diseases

C、reduce the level of well­being

D、decrease the risk of heart disease

阅读B-16题干中Passage One材料，完成本题。

B-20.What is mainly talked about in the text？

A、Ways to relax in one’s free time.

B、The benefits of taking time off.

C、Different opinions on holidays.

D、The Hostetlers always on the go.

rips you make to the drug store per year. That &39; s according to a new study that investigates whether there&39; s any truth in the old saying.

A team of researchers led by Dr Matthew Davis, of the University of Michigan School of Nursing,asked 8,399 participants to answer survey questions about diet and health. A total of 753 were apple eaters, consuming at least 149g of raw apple per day. The remaining 7, 646 were classed as non-apple eaters. When both groups answered questions on trips to the doctor and trips to the drug store per year,the apple eaters were found to be 27% less likely to visit the druggist for drugs.

Trips to the doctor were not significantly affected by apple consumption, though. "Evidence does not support that an apple a day keeps the doctor away. However, the small number of US adults who eat an apple a day does appear to use fewer prescription medications," the study concludes.

Apple eaters were also found to be less likely to smoke and be more likely to have a higher educational attainment than non-apple eaters. While apples do not compete with oranges, they docontain some immune (免疫的) system-increasing vitamin C, which may be why apple-eaters visit the druggist less. With over 8mg of vitamin C per medium-sized fruit, an apple can provide roughly 14% your daily recommended intake.

Previous studies have also linked apple consumption to a lower risk of Type 2 diabetes (二型糖尿病) ,improved lung function and a lower risk of colon (结肠) cancer.

44. How many non-apple eaters answered survey questions in the research？

A.149

B.7,646

C.753

D.8,399

What is the conclusion of the study？A.Apple consumption has greatly reduced US adults' trips to the doctor

B.An apple a day does keep the doctor away

C.Apples are far more nutritious than oranges

D.A small number of US adult apple eaters tend to take less medicine

What can we learn from the passage？A.Apples are better than oranges

B.Apples do have some vitamin C to increase the immune system

C.Apples can help cure certain diseases

D.Apples can provide people with sufficient daily intake of energy

What can be described as the writing style of this passage？A.Objective

B.Creative

C.subjective

D.persuasive

请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析，谢谢！

Changing our Understanding of Health

A

The concept of health holds different meanings for different people and groups. These meanings of health have also changed over time. This change is no more evident than in Western society to day, when notions of health and health promotion are being challenged and expanded in new ways.

B

For much of recent Western history. Health has been viewed in the physical sense only. That is, good health has been connected to the smooth mechanical operation of the body, while ill health has been attributed to a breakdown in this machine. Health in this sense has been defined as the absence of disease or illness and is seen in medical terms. According to this view, creating health for people means providing medical care to treat or prevent disease and illness. During this period, there was an emphasis on providing clean water, improved sanitation and housing.

In the late 1940s the World Health Organization challenged this physically and medically oriented view of health. They stated that "health is a complete state of physical, mental and social well-being and is not merely the absence of disease" (WHO, 1946). Health and the person were seen more holistically (mind/body/spirit) and not just in physical terms.

C

The 1970s was a time of focusing on the prevention of disease and illness by emphasizing the importance of the lifestyle. and behavior. of the individual. Specific behaviors which were seen to increase risk of disease, such as smoking, lack of fitness and unhealthy eating habits, were targeted. Creating health meant providing not only medical health care, but health promotion programs and policies which would help people maintain healthy behaviors and lifestyles. While this individualistic healthy lifestyles approach to health worked for some (the wealthy members of society), people experiencing poverty, unemployment, underemployment or little control over the conditions of their daily lives benefited little from this approach. This was largely because both the healthy lifestyles approach and the medical approach to health largely ignored the social and environmental conditions affecting the health of people.

D

During the 1980s and 1990s there has been a growing swing away from seeing lifestyle. risks as the root cause of poor health. While lifestyle. factors still remain important, health is being viewed also in terms of the social, economic and environmental contexts in which people live. This broad approach to health is called the socio-ecological view of health. The broad socio-ecological view of health was endorsed at the first International Conference of Health Promotion held in 1986, Ottawa, Canada, where people from 38 countries agreed and declared that:

The fundamental conditions and resources for health are peace, shelter, education, food, a viable income, a stable eco-system, sustainable resources, social justice and equity. Improvement in health requires a secure foundation in these basic requirements. (WHO, 1986)

It is clear from this statement that the creation of health is about much more than encouraging healthy individual behaviors and lifestyles and providing appropriate medical care. Therefore, the creation of health must include addressing issues such as poverty, pollution, urbanization, natural resource depletion, social alienation and poor working conditions. The social, economic and environmental cont

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

that normal-weight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who are overweight. And there are health conditions for which being overweight is actually ___2___. For example, heavier women are less likely to develop calcium deficiency than thin women. ___3___ among the elderly, being somewhat overweight is often an ___4___ of good health. Of even greater ___5___ is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define. It is often defined ___6___ body mass index, or BMI. BMI ___7__ body mass divided by the square of height. An adult with a BMI of 18 to 25 is often considered to be normal weight. Between 25 and 30 is overweight. And over 30 is considered obese. Obesity, ___8___,can be divided into moderately obese, severely obese, and very severely obese. While such numerical standards seem ___9___ , they are not. Obesity is probably less a matter of weight than body fat. Some people with a high BMI are in fact extremely fit, ___10___ others with a low BMI may be in poor ___11___ .For example, many collegiate and professional football players ___12___ as obese, though their percentage body fat is low. Conversely, someone with a small frame. may have high body fat but a ___13___ BMI. Today we have a(an) ___14___ to label obesity as a disgrace.The overweight are sometimes___15___ in the media with their faces covered. Stereotypes ___16___ with obesity include laziness, lack of will power,and lower prospects for success.Teachers,employers,and health professionals have been shown to harbor biases against the obese. ___17___very young children tend to look down on the overweight, and teasing about body build has long been a problem in schools. Negative attitudes toward obesity,____18____in health concerns,have stimulated a number of anti-obesity____19____.My own hospital system has banned sugary drinks from its facilities. Many employers have instituted weight loss and fitness initiatives.Michelle Obama has launched a high-visibility campaign____20____childhood obesity,even claiming that it represents our greatest national security threat. 请在第__1__处填上正确答案。

A.denied

B.conduced

C.doubled

D.ensured

udents to fill out a carefully designed test that determines a person's level of optimism and pessimism. The students also answered questions about their general heath, including how often they went to a doctor.

Peterson followed the health of his students the following year and discovered that the pessimists had twice as many diseases and made twice as many trips to the doctor as the optimists.

Later, Martin Seligman of the University of Pennsylvania and two of his colleagues, using interviews and blood tests, found that optimists have better immune (免疫的) activity than pessimists. Why？ One big factor is that "Pessimistic individuals," as Seligman writes, "get depressed more easily and more often."

When a person is depressed, certain brain hormones (荷尔蒙) become reduced, creating a chain of biochemical (生物化学的) events that end up slowing down the activity of the immune system.

Optimists also look at information in more depth to find out what they can do about the risk factors. In a study by Lisa Aspinwall, at the University of Maryland, subjects read health-related information on cancer and other topics. She discovered that optimists spent more time than pessimists reading the severe risk material and they recommend more of it.

"These are people," says Aspinwall, "who aren't sitting around wishing things were different. They believe in a better outcome, and that whatever measures they take will help them to heal." In other words, instead of having their heads in the clouds, optimistic people look and seek. They aren't afraid to look into the situation because they're optimistic. Thus, for yet another reason, optimists are likely to be healthier.

The best news is what research has shown repeatedly: Anyone can become more optimistic with effort. And every effort you make to keep an optimistic attitude will reward you with a stronger immune system. So you'll enjoy better health.

1. The purpose of these scientific studies is to ________.

A、pick out people who are more optimistic

B、determine a person's level of optimism and pessimism

C、prove pessimistic people get depressed more easily and more often

D、discover to what degree one's health is related to one's attitude in life

2. Seligman's research suggests that ________.

A、optimism helps people become healthier

B、interviews are the main tool used in the research

C、blood tests may not produce exact results

D、one's immune system is controlled by one's thoughts

3. According to the scientists, the reduction of immune activity is basically caused by ________.

A、some uncertain factors.

B、one's worse condition of health

C、one's depressed feeling

D、the change of biochemical events

4. It can be inferred from the passage that ________.

A、optimists spend more time on studying and searching

B、pessimists are more concerned with their health

C、we can tell who is a pessimist by observing his reading behavior

D、hormones are something with mysterious effects on the brain

5. Which of the following statements is NOT true？

A、Everyone can develop an optimistic attitude with effort.

B、Pessimists have no hope of making a change in their attitude.

C、Optimists have a stronger immune system.

D、A positive attitude toward life makes us healthier.

Do parents owe their children anything？ Yes, they owe them a great deal.

(69) One of their chief duties is to give their children a sense of personal worth, for self-esteem is the basis of a good mental health. A youngster who is often made to feel stupid, often compared to brighter brothers, sisters, or cousins, will not feel confident and become so afraid of failing, that he (or she ) won't try at all. Of course, they should be corrected when they do wrong, this is the way children learn. But the criticisms should be balanced with praises.

Parents owe their children firm guidance and consistent discipline. It is frightening for a youngster to feel that he is in charge of himself; it's like being in a car without brakes. The parent who says "No" when other parents say "Yes" sends a double message. He is also saying: "I love you, and I am ready to risk your anger, because I don't want you to get into trouble. "

Parents owe their children a comfortable feeling about their body, and enough information about sex to balance the wrong information that they will surely receive from their friends.

Parents owe their children privacy and respect for their personal things. This means not borrowing things without being permitted, not reading diaries and mail, not looking through pockets. If a mother feels that she must read her daughter's diary to know what is going on, the communication between them must be pretty bad.

Parents own their children a set of solid values around which to build their lives. (70) This means teaching them to respect the rights and opinions of others: it means respecting elders, teachers and the law. The best way to teach such values is by example. A child who is lied to will lie. A child who sees his parents steal tools from the factory or towels from a hotel will think that it is all right to steal. A youngster who sees no laughter and no love in the home will have a difficult time laughing and loving.

No child asks to be born. If you bring a life into the world, you owe the child something. And if you give rim his due, he' 11 have something of value to pass along to your grandchildren.

According to the passage, parents owe their children the following things Except______.

A．privacy

B．cars

C．respect of self

D．information about their body

ur head at a colleague’s agony over a decision when the answer is crystal-clear,there’s a scientific reason behind it. Our own decision-making abilities can become depleted over the course of the day causing indecision or poor choices, but choosing on behalf of someone else is an enjoyable task that doesn’t suffer the same pitfalls. The problem is “decision fatigue,” a psychological phenomenon that on the quality of your choices after a long day of decision making, says Evan Polman, a leading psychologist.

Physicians who have been on the job for several hours, for example, are more likely to prescribe antibiotics to patients when it’s unwise to do so. “Presumably it’s because it’s simple and easy to write a prescription and consider a patient case closed rather than investigate further,” Polman says.

But decision fatigue goes away when you are making the decision for someone else. When people imagine themselves as advisers and imagine their own choices as belonging to someone else, they feel less tired and rely less on decision shortcuts to make those choices. “By taking upon the role of adviser rather than decision maker, one does not suffer the consequences of decision fatigue,” he says. “It’s as if there’s something fun and liberating about making someone else’s choice.”

Getting input from others not only offers a fresh perspective and thought process, it often also includes riskier choices. While this sounds undesirable, it can be quite good, says Polman. “When people experience decision fatigue—when they are tired of making choices—they have a tendency to choose to go with the status quo (现状), he says. But the status quo can be problematic, since a change in the course of action can sometimes be important and lead to a positive outcome.”

In order to achieve a successful outcome or reward, some level of risk is almost always essential. “People who are susceptible to decision fatigue will likely choose to do nothing over something,” he says. “That’s not to say that risk is always good, but it is related to taking action, whereas decision fatigue assuredly leads to inaction and the possible chagrin(懊恼)of a decision maker who might otherwise prefer a new course but is unfortunately hindered.”

Just because you can make good choices for others doesn’t mean you’ll do the same for yourself, Polman cautions. “Research has found that women negotiate higher salaries for others than they do for themselves,” he says, adding that people slip in and out of decision roles.

What does the author say about people making decisions？

A.They may become exhausted by making too many decisions for themselves.

B.They are more cautious in making decisions for others than for themselves.

C.They tend to make decisions the way they think advantageous to them.

D.They show considerable differences in their decision-making abilities.

What does the example about the physicians illustrate？

A.Patients seldom receive due care towards the end of the day.

B.Prescription of antibiotics can be harmful to patients’health.

C.Decision fatigue may prevent people making wise decisions.

D.Medical doctors are especially susceptible to decision fatigue.

When do people feel less decision fatigue？

A.When they take decision shortcuts.

B.When they help others to make decisions.

C.When they have major decisions to make.

D.When they have advisers to turn to.

What are people likely to do when decision fatigue sets in？

A.They turn to physicians for advice.

B.They tend to make risky decisions.

C.They adopt a totally new perspective.

D.They refrain from trying anything new.

What does the passage say about taking some risk in decision making？

A.It is vital for one to reach the goal desired.

B.It is likely to entail serious consequences.

C.It will enable people to be more creative.

D.It will more often than not end in regret.

请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析，谢谢！

Passage Two

Questions 62 to 66 are based on the following passage.

Yoga induces a feeling of well-being in healthy people, and can reverse the clinical and biochemical changes associated with metabolic syndrome, according to results of studies from Sweden and India. Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of heart disease risk factors such as high blood pressure, obesity and high blood sugar.

Dr. R.P. Agrawal, of the SP Medical College, Bikaner, India, and colleagues evaluated the beneficial effects of yoga and meditation in 101 adults with features of metabolic syndrome. In the study, 55 adults received three months of regular yoga including standard postures and Raja Yoga,while the remaining received standard care.

Waist circumference, blood pressure, blood sugar, and triglyceri HDL cholesterol levels were higher in the yoga group as compared joumal Diabetes REsearch and Clinicat Practice.

In the second study, published online December 19 in BioMed Central Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Dr. Anette Kjellgren from the University of Karlstad, Sweden and colleagues evaluated the beneficial effects of yoga-like breathing exercises on healthy volunteers.

55 adults were advised to practice "Sudarshan Kriya," which involves cycles of slow, normal and rapid breathing exercises. The exercises were practiced for an hour daily, six days a week for six weeks, while 48 controls were advised to relax in an armchair for I 5 minutes daily.

At the end of the study period, feelings of anxiety, stress and depression were significantly lower and levels of optimism significantly higher in the yoga group compared to the control group, Kjellgren and colleagues report.

Yoga induces a "relaxation response" associated with reduced nervous system activity and a feeling of well-being probably due to an increase in antioxidants(抗氧化剂) and lower levels of the stress hormone cortisol(应激激素皮质醇 ), they suggest.

Yoga not only helps in prevention of lifestyle. diseases, but can also be "a powerful adjunct therapy when these diseases anse,” co-investigator Dr. Faahri Saatiglou, from the University of Oslo, told Reuters Health. "We do not emphasize this point enough in our Westem health care."

The studies of yoga from Sweden and India have shown that __

A. yoga will make patients recover more quickly

B. yoga can cure cancer gradually

C. yoga will lead the state of being healthy

D. yoga can keep people optimistic

In the classic marriage vow（誓约),couples promise to stay together in sickness and in

health. But a new study finds that the risk of divorce among older couples rises when the wife—not the husband— becomes seriously ill.

"Married women diagnosed with a serious health condition may find themselves struggling with the impact of their disease while also experiencing the stress of divorce," said researcher Amelia Karraker. Karraker and co-author Kenzie Latham analyzed 20 years of data on 2,717 marriages from a study conducted by Indiana University since 1992. At the time of the first interview, at least one of the partners was over the age of 50.

The researchers examined how the onset(发生)of four serious physical illnesses affected marriages. They found that, overall, 31% of marriages ended in divorce over the period studied. The incidence of new chronic(慢性的)illness onset increased over time as well, with more husbands than wives developing serious health problems. "We found that women are doubly vulnerable to marital break-up in the face of illness," Karraker said. "They're more likely to be widowed, and if they're the ones who become ill, they're more likely to get divorced."

While the study didn't assess why divorce is more likely when wives but not husbands become seriously ill, Karraker offers a few possible reasons. "Gender norms and social expectations about caregiving may make it more difficult for men to provide care to sick spouses," Karraker said. "And because of the imbalance in marriage markets, especially in older ages, divorced men have more choices among prospective partners than divorced women."

Given the increasing concern about health care costs for the aging population, Karraker believes policymakers should be aware of the relationship between disease and risk of divorce.

"Offering support services to spouses caring for their other halves may reduce marital stress and prevent divorce at older ages," she said. "But it's also important to recognize that the pressure to divorce may be health-related and that sick ex-wives may need additional care and services to prevent worsening health and increased health costs."

91.What can we learn about marriage vows from the passage_____

A.They may not guarantee a lasting marriage.

B.They are as binding as they used to be.

C.They are not taken seriously any more.

D.They may help couples tide over hard times.

92.What did Karraker and co-author Kenzie Latham find about elderly husbands_____

A.They are generally not good at taking care of themselves.

B.They can become increasingly vulnerable to serious illnesses.

C.They can develop different kinds of illnesses just like their wives.

D.They are more likely to contract serious illnesses than their wives.

93.What does Karraker say about women who fall ill_____

A.They are more likely to be widowed.

B.They are more likely to get divorced.

C.They are less likely to receive good care.

D.They are less likely to bother their spouses.

94.Why is it more difficult for men to take care of their sick spouses according to Karraker_____

A.They are more accustomed to receiving care.

B.They find it more important to make money for the family.

C.They think it more urgent to fulfill their social obligations.

D.They expect society to do more of the job.

95.What does Karraker think is also important_____

A.Reducing marital stress on wives.

B.Providing extra care for divorced women.

C.Stabilizing old couples' relations.

D.Making men pay for their wives, health costs.