Trade creation refers to trade created due to_______, occurs when high－cost domestic p

A．foreign trade

B．world trade

C．domestic trade

D．overseas trade

Smll business hs some ofdvntges over those of big business in the field of finnce b

Smll business hs some ofdvntges over those of big business in the field of finnce becuse ______ .finncil performn

A．financial performance,job creation, new-business formation

B．they can react and adjust themselves more rapidly to the rapid rate of change in products

C．they have trade protection from the government

D．they supply the market demand and contribute to big business

tury philosophers with their faith in the worth and dignity of the individual man and the efficacy of human reason. The 18th century was the moment in history when men experienced the first flush and freshness of the idea that man is master of his own fate; the moment in history, also, when this emancipating idea, not yet brought to the harsh test of experience, could be accepted with unclouded optimism.

Never had the nature seemed less mysterious, more simply constructed, more open and visible and eager to yield its secrets to common-sense questions. Never had the nature of man seemed less perverse, or the intelligence and will of men more pliable (yielding) to rational persuasion. Never had social and political evils seemed so wholly the result of ignorance and superstition, or so easily corrected by the spread of knowledge and the construction of social institutions on a rational plan.

The first task of political science was to discover the natural rights of man, the second to devise the form. of government best suited to secure them. And for accomplishing this high task, for creating and maintaining a society founded on justice and equality, the essential freedom was freedom of the mind.

The initial words of this passage, "the conception of God and nature", refer certainly to ______ .

A．God and nature as concepts created by humans

B．the initial creation of the nature by God

C．the creation of God Himself by human beings

D．the thinking of God and nature by humans

form. of anunfavorable trade bal- ance (贸易逆差)with-other nations. Such an imbalance exists when the total valueof a country's imports ex- ceeds that of its exports. For example, if a countrybuys $ 250 billion of products from other countries, yet sells only $ 100billion of its own products overseas, its trade deficit is $ 150 billion. Manyunderdeveloped nations find themselves in this position because they lacknatural resources or the industrial capacity to use these resources, and thushave to import raw materials or manufactured goods. One effect of a trade deficit is the flowof currency (货币)out of a country. In the case of an underdeveloped nation, this cancause many financial difficulties, including failure to meet debt payments andobstacles to creation of an industrial base. Even in the case of a fullydeveloped nation such as the United States, a large tradedeficit is reason for alarm. American products, made by well-paid workers in USindustries, cost more to produce than those made in places like Asia, wherelabor and material costs are much lower. Money spent on foreign products ismoney not spent on items produced by domestic industries. Whatis the passage mainly about？

A. Several worldwide economic problems.

B. The causes and consequences of tradedeficit.

C. Lack of resources in underdevelopedcountries.

D. The value of exports against imports.

关税同盟区，对汽车征收X%的关税，并假设日本的汽车生产成本为Y(欧元)。在下面的条件下，评价欧盟增加从波兰进口汽车会导致贸易创造还是贸易转移？

a.X=50%，Y=10000欧元。

b.X=100%，Y=10000欧元。

c.X=100%，Y=8000欧元。

Suppose that upon entering the European Union， it is discovered that the cost of automobile production in Poland is 14，000 while it is 20，000 in Germany. Suppose that the EU， which has a customs union， has a X percent tariff on automobiles and that the costs of production are equal to Y(valued in euros) in Japan. Comment on whether the addition of Poland to the European Union would result in trade creation or trade diversion under the following scenarios：

a.X=50%and Y=10000

b.X=100%and Y =10000

c.X=100%and Y=8000

lized and the developing nations. The【C1】______World Countries export their mineral【C2】______and some agricultural products, which bring them【C3】______foreign exchange. Tourism has also been greatly responsible【C4】______the rapid development of some【C5】______nations. Many Third World nations with high【C6】______and low wages have seen an emigration of workers【C7】______the developed nations. Western Europe has【C8】______millions of such workers from Mediterranean countries. The developing nations profit【C9】______these workers bring their savings and their acquired technical skills【C10】______home. Many developing nations benefit when Western nations【C11】______manufacturing factories in their countries to take【C12】______of cheap labor.

【C13】______economies mature, economic growth rates tend to level off. The rate of【C14】______growth is leveling off today in Western nations. This leveling off【C15】______leads to static non-growth markets. A point of saturation (饱和)【C16】______technology and innovation have seemed to achieve the impossible,【C17】______then how much further can it go ？ Herman Kahn,【C18】______his book The Next 200 Years, says that a shift in priorities will have to occur for industrialized nations.【C19】______is the creation of quality and jobs essential;【C20】______is rather the improvement of the quality of life that must be our concern.

【C1】

A．First

B．Second

C．West

D．Third

Write a letter on establishing business relations according to the following requests.

(1)说明信息来源，即如何取得对方资料

①We learned from the Commercial Counselor's Office of our Embassy in your company that you are interested in Chinese handicraft．

②Mr.Jacques，Head of Arcolite Electric AG，has recommended you to us as a leading importer in Korea of lightweight batteries for vehicles．

③We have obtained your name and address from China Council for the Promoting of International Trade that you are in the market for Chinese silk．

(2)言明去函目的

①In order to expand our products into South America，we are writing to you to seek cooperate possibilities．

②We are writing to you to establish long-term trade relations with you．

③We wish to express our desire to enter into business relationship with you．

(3)本公司概述

①We are a state-owned corporation handling light industrial products.

②We are exporters of high reputation, engaged in exportation of the following articles.

③We are a leading company with 30 years' experience in exporting household electric appliances and are closely connected with large manufactures in our country.

(4)产品介绍

Our Chinese silks are made of pure silk materials and in traditional skills．They feel soft, comfortable, durable and have enjoyed great popularity in the world market.

(5)激励性结尾

①For your information (consideration, reference) , we enclose a copy of our recent catalogue.

②As to our credit and financial standing, we can refer you to Bank of China.

③Chamber of Commerce in Guangzhou.

④Thank you for your proposal and hope to work with you to our mutual advantage.

A: Good morning．My name is Mr．Brown．I'm from Australia．Here is my card.

B: Thank you．I'm pleased to meet you, Mr．Brown．My name is Kathy Perless, the representative of GREen Textile Import and Export Corporation.

A: Pleased to meet you too, Ms．Perless．I travel a lot every year on business, but this is my first visit to your country．I must say I have been much impressed by your friendly people.

B: Thank you for saying so．Have you seen the exhibition halls？ On display are most of our products, such as silk, woolen knitwear, cotton piece goods, and garments.

A: Oh, yes．I had a look yesterday．I found some of the exhibits to be fine in quality and beautiful in design．The exhibition has successfully displayed to me what your corporation handles．I've gone over the catalogue and the pamphlets enclosed in your last letter．I've got some idea of your exports．I'm interested in your silk blouses.

B: Our silk is known for its good quality．It is one of our traditional exports．Silk blouses are brightly colored and beautifully designed．They've met with great favor overseas and are always in great demand.

A: Some of them seem to be of the latest style．Now I've a feeling that we can do a lot of trade in this line．We wish to establish relations with you.

B: Your desire coincides with ours.

A: Concerning our financial position, credit standing and trade reputation, you may refer to Bank of Hong Kong, or to our local Chamber of Commerce or inquiry agencies.

B: Thank you for your information．As you know, our corporation is a state-owned one．We always trade with foreign countries on the basis of equality and mutual benefit．Establishing business relations between us will be to our mutual benefit．I have no doubt that it will bring about closer ties between us.

A: That sounds interesting．I'll send a fax home．As soon as I receive a definite answer, I'll make a specific inquiry.

B: We'll then make an offer as soon as possible．I hope a lot of business will be conducted between us.

A: So do I.

icated technology and the rise of giant corporations.In addition, market forces have lost some of their significance as planning has become more important.The government has assumed a greatly changed role in the economy.Property relationships and decision-making power have shifted.The demand for highly educated specialists has increased enormously.

We may think of the American economy, as consisting of two completely different sectors.The world of the giant corporations, which can be called the "industrial system", consists of 500 or 600 firms that provide "nearly all communications, nearly all production and distribution of electric power, much transportation, most manufacturing and mining, a substantial share of retail trade, and a considerable amount of entertainment." Outside of this industrial system fall most agricultural enterprises, some mining and trucking, professional and artistic pursuits, some retail trade, and most personal and domestic services.

The classical economic laws of supply and demand still apply to some degree.But today the industrial sector is characterized far more by planning and certainty than by the free play of market forces.It appears that it could scarcely be otherwise.In large corporations with advanced technological systems and complex organizations of highly trained specialists, plans for producing any one item are made well in advance.Such plans, once made, are hard to change.Because long-term planning demands certainty, market forces are avoided by various means.For example, the corporation may achieve "vertical integration" by buying companies that supply raw materials at one end of the process and distribution outlets at the other.Corporations may agree on "just prices" for things they buy and sell.They may enter mutually advantageous long-term contracts with suppliers and customers.Moreover, in their quest for certainty they generally have the support of the state.

26.The American giant corporations possess so many new characteristics that

A) highly educated managers are important for the corporations

B giant corporations become decentralized

C economic laws of the market are effective inside corporations

D heads of the giant corporations try to control the government

27.By the second paragraph, we know that .

A retail trade accounts for a big part in non-industrial system

B there are more giant corporations than agricultural enterprises

C giant corporations control every part of American economy

D giant corporations provide most of productions and services

28.From the whole passage, we can infer that American economy .

A is experiencing the rise of giant corporations

B is determined by hundreds of giant corporations

C has failed to balance supply and demand

D becomes highly-planned one

29.In the third sentence of last paragraph, the second "it" may refer to.

A classic economic law of supply and demand

B industrial sector

C American economy

D market force

30.Which of the following is not mentioned in the passage？

A American economy is characterized by high technology and giant corporations.

B American economy consists of industrial systems and agricultural enterprises.

C.Market economy is gradually replaced by planned economy.

D Highly trained specialists are needed.