The three essential managerial skills put forth by Katz include _____________.

The following three concepts are essential to the OSI model: service, interface and

A．networks

B．applications

C．protocols

D．layers

The following three concepts are essential to the OSI model:service,interface and

A． networks

B．applications

C．protocols

D．layers

What can we infer from the first three paragraphs？

A In both East and West, names are essential to success.

B The alphabet is to blame for the failure of Zoë Zysman.

C Customers often pay a lot of attention to companies’ names.

D Some form. of discrimination is too subtle to recognize.

he world by and large. It is spoken frequently specially in【M1】______ developed countries. This is an inescapable process of globalization. However, according to many experts in linguistics, English is dominating todays modern world and thus, disregard most minority languages.【M2】______ Therefore, it is essential to consider the history of how English gradually becomes dominant down to the present time.【M3】______ The key to English globalization and extension up to the current is basically due to the three eras where English had undergone in the past.【M4】______ English benefited from three overlapping eras of world history. The first era was the imperial expansion of European powers which spread the use of English so well as of other languages, like Spanish, French and Portuguese【M5】______ around the world. The second is the era of technological revolution, begun【M6】______ with the industrial revolution which the English-speaking nations of Britain【M7】______ and United States made a leading part, and the later electronic revolution,【M8】______ led above all by the USA. The third is the era of globalization. The mentioned three eras are pertinent to one another, for example the second era, namely as the electronic revolution has introduced the Internet【M9】______ technology including e-mail, e-commerce, e-business and other e-activities which support the third era, the globalization era likely to take place.【M10】______ Further development of the globalization era leads to the commonness of English in several fields such as science, technology and world trade.

【M1】

Almost every new innovation goes through three phases. When

initially introducing into the market, the process of adoption is slow. S1.______

The early models are expensive and hard to use, and perhaps even unsafe.

The economic impact is relatively great. S2.______

The second phase is the explosive one, where the innovation was S3.______

rapidly adopted by a large number of people. It gets cheaper and easier

to use and becomes something familiar. And then in the third stage, diffusion

of the innovation slows down again, as if it permeates out across the S4.______

economy. During the explosive phase, the whole new industries

spring up to produce the new product or innovation, but to service it. S5.______

For example, during the 1920s, there was a dramatic acceleration in auto

production, from 1.9 million in 1920 to 4.5 million in 1929. This boom was

accompanying by all sorts of other essential activities necessary for S6.______

auto-based nation: Roads had to be built for the cars to run on; refineries and S7.______

oil wells, to provide the gasoline; and garages, to repair it. Historically, the S8.______

same pattern is repeated again and again with innovations. The construction

of the electrical system requested an enormous early investment in generation S9.______

and distribution capacity. The introduction of the radio was followed by a buying

spree(无节制的狂热行为) by Americans what quickly brought radios into S10.______

almost half of all households by 1930, up from nearly none in 1924.

【S1】

Software entities are more complex for their size than perhaps any other human construct, because no two parts are alike (at least above the statement level). If they are, we make the two similar parts into one, a （）, open or closed.In this respect software systems differ profoundly from computers, buildings, or automobiles, where repeated elements abound. Digital computers are themselves more complex than most things people build; they have very large numbers of states.This makes conceiving, describing, and testing them hard.Software systems have orders of magnitude more（）than computers do. Likewise, a scaling-up of a software entity is not merely a repetition of the same elements in larger size; it is necessarily an increase in the number of different elements.In most cases, the elements interact with each other in some（）fashion, and the complexity of the whole increases much more than linearly. The complexity of software is a(an) （）property, not an accidental one.Hence descriptions of a software entity that abstract away its complexity often abstract away its essence.Mathematics and the physical sciences made great strides for three centuries by constructing simplified models of complex phenomena, deriving, properties from the models,and verifying those properties experimentally.This worked because the complexities（）in the models were not the essential properties of the phenomena.It does not work when the complexities are the essence. Many of the classical problems of developing software products derive from this essential complexity and its nonlinear increases with size.Not only technical problems but management problems as well come from the complexity.

A.task B.job C.subroutine D.programA.states B.parts C.conditions D.expressionsA.linear B.nonlinear C.parallel D.additiveA.surface B.outside C.exterior D.essentialA.fixed B.included C.ignored D.stabilized

uldn't it？

New "fake fat" products appeared on store shelves in the United States recently, but not everyone is happy about it. Makers of the products, which contain a compound called olestra, say food manufacturers can now eliminate. Critics, however, say the new compound can rob the body of essential vitamins and nutrients (营养物) and can also cause unpleasant side effects in some people. So it's up to consumers to decide whether the new fat-free products taste good enough to keep eating.

Chemists discovered olestra in the late 1960s, when they were searching for a fat that could be digested by infants more easily. Instead of finding the desired fat, the researchers created a fat that can't be digested at all.

Normally, special chemicals in the intestines(肠)"grab" molecules of regular fat and break them down so they can be used by the body. A molecule of regular fat is made up of three molecules of substances called fatting acids.

The fatty acids are absorbed by the intestines and bring with them the essential vitamins A, D, E and K. When fat molecules are present in the intestines with any of those vitamins, the vitamins attach to the molecules and are carried into the bloodstream.

Olestra, which is made from six to eight molecules of fatty acids, is too large for the intestines to absorb. It just slides through the intestines without being broke down. Manufacturers say it's the ability to slide unchanged through the intestines that makes olestra so valuable as a fat substitute. It provides consumers with the taste of regular at without any bad effects on the body. But critics say olestra can prevent vitamins A, D, E and K from being absorbed. It can also prevent the absorption of carotenoids(类胡萝卜素), compounds that may reduce the risk of cancer, heart disease, etc.

Manufacturers are adding vitamins A, D, E and K as well as carotenoids to their products now. even so, some nutritionists are still concerned that people might eat unlimited amounts of food made with the fat substitute without worrying about how many calories they are consuming.

We learn from the passage that olestra is a substance that______.

A．contains plenty of nutrients

B．renders foods calorie-free while retaining their vitamins

C．makes foods easily digestible

D．makes foods fat-free while keeping them delicious

of the same product. Yet underneath their labels, the products are often nearly identical. Thus, manufacturers are confronted with a problem how to keep sales high enough to stay in business. Manufacturers solve this problem by advertising. They try to attract consumers in various ways. As a matter of fact, advertisements may be classified into three types according to the kind of appeals they use.

One type of advertisement tries to appeal to the consumer's reasoning mind. It may offer a claim that seems scientific. For example, it may say the dentists recommend Flash toothpaste. In selling a product, the truth of the advertising may be less important than the appearance of truth. A scientific approach gives the appearance of truth;

Another type of advertisement tries to amuse the potential buyer. Products that are essential boring, such as insecticide, are often advertised in an amusing way. One way of doing this is to make the products appear alive. Advertisers believe that consumers are likely to remember and buy products that the consumers associate with fun,

Associating the product with something pleasant is the technique of the third type of appeal. In this class, ads suggest that the product will satisfy some basic human desire. One such desire is the wish to be admired by other people. Many automobile advertisements are in this category. Another powerful desire to which advertisers appeal is the desire for love. Thus ads for bandages(绷带) are unlikely to emphasize the way the bandages are made or their low cost; instead, the ads may Show a mother tenderly binding up and then kissing her small boy's cut finger. In the picture there is an open package of Ouch Bandages. The advertiser hopes the consumer will mentally insert an equal sign to create the equation "Ouch Bandages=Love".

One only needs to look through a magazine or watch an hour of TV in order to see examples of these three different advertising strategies.

Under the cover of different brands,______.

A．the products have great difference from each other

B．the products are more or less the same

C．the manufacturers tend to differ very little

D．the brands may vary only in name

There are places in the world where people are alleged (被认为) to live much longer and remain more vigorous in old age than in most modern societies. I have visited the best known of these regions, all relatively remote and mountainous. A striking feature common to all three cultures is the high social status of the aged. Each of the very elderly persons I saw lived with family and close relatives—often an extensive household—and occupied a central and privileged position within this group. The sense of family continuity is strong. There is also a sense of usefulness. Even those well over 100 for the most part continue to perform. essential duties and contribute to the economy of the community. These duties included weeding in the fields, feeding the poultry (家禽), tending flocks, picking tea, washing the laundry, cleaning house, or caring for grandchildren, all on a regular daily basis. In addition, the aged are esteemed for the wisdom that is thought to derive from long experience, and their word in the family group is generally law. In none of the three communities is there any forced retirement age, and the elderly are not shelved, as occurs in most of our industrialized society. Khfaf Lasuria, the former tea picker, had retired only two years before I met her. When I asked Seliac Butba, age 121, if he was helping in the construction of a new house springing up next to his own, he responded, "Of course, they cant do without me. " Many of the centenarians emphasized the importance of being independent and free to do the things they enjoyed and wanted to do, and of maintaining a placid (平静的) state of mind free from worry or emotional strain. "Now everywhere people dont live so long because they dont live a free life," commented Sonia Kvedzenia of Atara, age 109. "They worry more and dont do what they want. " Gabriel Chapnian, 117, of Gulripshi expressed a similar thought when told that few Americans attain his age. His response: "Hmm...too literate. " Expectation of longevity may also be important. In America the traditional life-span is three score and ten years. But when we asked the young people of Abkhazia how long they expected to live, they generally said, "To a hundred". Dr Georgi Kaprashvili of Gulripshi confirmed that the public has the notion that the normal life-span of man is 100 years. For exaggeration, when proposing toasts, they say 300 years, but everyone expects to be 100.

What does the word "centenarian" (Line 1, Para. 6) mean in this passage？

A．Person who has 100 family members.

B．Person who is 100 or more years old.

C．Person who is the central figure.

D．Leader of a unit of 100 soldiers.

A.contains plenty of nutrients

B.renders foods calorie -free while retaining their vitamins

C.makes foods easily digestible

D.makes foods fat -free while keeping them delicious