Almost every new innovation goes through three phases. Wheninitially introducing into the

Industrial growth in countries had formerly been markets __1__hastened regional self-sufficiency and, in the consequence, __2__hastened the collapse of organized long-distance trade. This process was intensified by the spread of a new metal, iron.In almost 1400 B.C. new smelting techniques led to the high __3__temperatures which could produce an iron superior in strength to bronze. Probably developing in northeastern __4__Turkey, this process spread over Europe considerately more __5__rapidly than the art of processing bronze.This rapid spread was due not only particularly war and the movements __6__of people, but chiefly, to the wide occurence of iron ore as well. __7__Iron was available for smelting in almost every land and, in efficiency,iron forging offered almost every country the __8__prospect of economical self-sufficiency. It was eagerly seized __9__upon, and the bottom fell out of the bronze market and the general economics. Trade stagnated, ships were laid up, and __10__a recession set in.

The modern world could not operate without roads. It is a way

of life with almost every family in the western world owning an

automobile. In Australia alone, billions of dollars are spending on 【M1】 ______

road maintenance and enhancements each year, such as new

bridges and the highway development. Highways are the public's 【M2】 ______

main source of transportation to reach other, towns and cities with

the increased speed limits to make traveling slower. In contrast, 【M3】 ______

town roads are designed for short travel with many streets and sharp

turns to negotiate in slower speeds and for the pedestrians to cross at 【M4】 ______

convenient places like traffic lights. Research studies in the United

Kingdom, Australia, the United States have shown that human 【M5】 ______

issues contribute to 95 % of accidents, road factors only to about

one fifth of that percentage and vehicle factors for fewer than 5%. 【M6】 ______

With road improvements speed has been allowed to raise, 【M7】 ______

except for special reasons like school and residential areas which 【M8】 ______

the limit has been lowered. Current speed limits are necessary. The

speeds on normal roads in Australia ranging from 40km/h to 【M9】 ______

110km/h which is due to the series of road situations.

Specialization of motor vehicles is a very common process which

allows the driver to enhance his/her automobile to obtain the

desired appearance or performance ability. It is only when this

process gets out of control when the driver becomes a risk. 【M10】______

【M1】

ylon about 4,000 years ago. New Year's Day is an【3】national holiday, and banks and offices will be closed. Many families have New year's Day【4】.

Traditionally, it was thought that it could【5】the luck they would have【6】the coming year by【7】they did or ate on the first day of the year. For that reason, it has become common for【8】to celebrate the first few minutes of a【9】new year in the【10】with the family and friends. Parties often last into the middle of the night after the ringing of a new year. It was once believed that the first visitor on New Year's Day would bring【11】good luck or bad luck to the rest of the year. It was particularly lucky if that visitor【12】to be a tall dark-haired man.

Traditional New Year's【13】are also thought to bring luck. People in many parts of the US celebrate the New Year by【14】black-eyed peas and cabbage. Black-eyed peas have been considered good luck in many cultures. Cabbage leaves are considered a【15】of prosperity, being【16】of paper currency. Other traditions of the season include the making of New Year's resolutions. That tradition also【17】back to the early Babylonians. Popular modern resolutions might include the【18】to lose weight or quit smoking.

The song, "Auld Lang Syne", is sung at the【19】of midnight in almost every English-speaking country in the world to bring in the New Year. "Auld Lang Syne" literally【20】"yearning for the old days."

(1)

A．remarked

B．commented

C．observed

D．viewed

e (21) about cars. Not only is the car the (22) means of transportation in the States, it has (23) become a "plaything". (24) the time youngsters become fourteen years old or even (25) , they're likely to start (26) of having their own cars.

In the USA, the (27) family, if the father is not (28) work, can afford to buy a new car every five years. However, many young people (29) after school in order to save money to buy a car. Learning to drive and getting a driver license may be one of the most exciting (30) of a young person's life. Driver (31) is one of the most popular courses. At the end of the course the student will (32) a driving test for a license. (33) many, that piece of paper means that they have grown up.

In the United States, many men and women (34) to have cars. People use cars to go to work. (35) drive cars to go shopping, to take the children to school or for other activities.

21.

A. crazy

B. careful

C. sure

D. worried

Passage Three

When it comes to singling out those who have made a difference in all our lives, you cannot overlook Henry Ford. A historian a century from now might well conclude that it was Ford who most influenced all manufacturing, everywhere, even to this day, by introducing a new way to make cars--one, strange to say, that originated (超源于) in slaughterhouses (屠宰场).

Back in the early 1900's, slaughterhouses used what could have been called a "disassembly line". Ford reversed this process to see if it would speed up production of a part of an automobile engine called a magneto (磁电机). Rather than have each worker completely assemble a magneto, one of its elements was placed on a conveyer, and each worker, as it passed, added another part to it, the same one each time. Professor David Hounshell of the University of Delaware, an expert on industrial development, tells what happened.

"The previous day, workers carrying out the entire process had averaged one assembly every 20 minutes. But on that day, on the line, the assembly team averaged one every 13 minutes and 10 seconds per person."

Within a year, the time had been reduced to five minutes. In 1913, Ford went all the way. Hooked together by ropes, partially assembled vehicles were pulled past workers who completed them one piece at a time. It wasn't long before Ford was turning out several hundred thousand cars a year, a remarkable achievement then. And so efficient and economical was this new system that he cut the price of his cars in half, to ＄260, putting them within reach of all those who, up until that time, could not afford them. Soon, auto makers the world over copied him. In fact, he encouraged them to do so by writing a book about all of his innovations (革新), entitled Today and Tomorrow. The Age of the Automobile has arrived. Today, everything from toasters to perfumes is made on assembly lines.

To what extent does the writer agree with the historian a century from now？

A．He agrees only slightly.

B．He agrees almost completely.

C．He almost disagrees.

D．He disagrees completely.

Passage One

Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.

Your passport is your official identification as an American citizen. In America，most people never consider obtaining a passport unless they are planning a trip out of the country. In Europe, where travel from one country to another is much more common，almost everyone carries a passport. A passport is final proof of identity in almost every country in the world.

In 1979 almost 15 million Americans held passports. Most of these passports were obtained to travel outside the country because，except for a few Western nations。passports are required to enter every country. And if you travel abroad，you must have a valid passport to reenter the country.

When traveling abroad，you will need a passport for identification when exchanging dollars for francs or marks or other foreign currency. You may also need your passport to use a credit card，buy an airplane ticket or check into a hotel. As a passport is an official U. S. document. it is valuable as identification in any emergency cases，such as floods，fires，or war.

Don't confuse passports and visas. Whereas a passport is issued by a country to its citizens. a visa is official permission to visit a country granted by the government of that country. For some years，many countries were dropping their visa requirements，but that trend has reversed. Argentina，Brazil，and Venezuela now require visas from U. S. citizens. They may be obtained from the embassy of the country you wish to visit.

Passport applications are available at passport agency offices in large cities like Boston，New York，or Chicago. In smaller cities，applications are available at post offices and at federal courts. To get your first passport，you must submit the application in person. along with a birth certificate and two pictures.

The main purpose of this passage is to______.

A. discuss traveling in other countries

B. distinguish between passports and visas

C. discuss the financial uses of a passport

D. provide information about passports

(A)Excuse me. Could you show me the way to the Holliday Inn？

(B) Are you a stranger here too？

(C) Who knows？

(D) Pardon？ I have no idea.

C

A woman:heads into apopular New York City coffee shop on a cold: winter rooming. Just ahead of her, a man drops a few papers. The woman pauses to help gather them. A clerk ata busy store thanks a customer who has just bought something. "Enjoy" the young woman says, smiling widely. "Have a nice day." She sounds like she really means it. These arethe common situations we may see every: day.

However, in her best-selling book Talk to the Hand, Lynne Truss argues that common good manners such as saying "Excuse me" almost no longer exist. There are certainly plenty who would agree with her. According to one recent study, 70 percent of the U.S. adults (成A.)said people are ruder now than they were 20 years ago.

Is it really true？ We decided to find out if good manners are really hard to see. In this politeness study, reporters were sent to many cities in the world. They performed three experiments: "door tests" (would anyone hold the door open for them？); "paper drops" (who would help them gather a pile of "accidentally" dropped papers？); and "service tests" (which salesclerks would thank them for a purchase [购物]？)

In New York, 60 tests (20 of each type)were done. Along the way, the reporters met all types of people: men and women of different races, ages, professions (职业), and income levels. And guess what？ In the end, four out of every five :people they met passed their: politeness test making New York the most polite city in the study.

44, What does Lynne Truss argue in Talk to the Hand？.

A. People are not as polite as they used to.

B. "Excuse me" is not welcome nowadays.

C. Of all the adults in the US 70% are rude,

D. People don't care about manners any more.

Franco used () see his cousins almost every day, but he does not now.

A、for

B、to

C、of