Scientists have made great contributions development of our human beings.A、withB、onC、t

Scientists have made great contributions()development of our human beings.

A. to

B. on

C. with

The scientists have made an______study of the viruses that cause the disease.

A．exhausted

B．exhausting

C．exhaustive

D．exhaustion

根据以下内容，回答题。

Passage One

Can animals be made to work for us？ Some scientists think that one day animals may be trained to do a number of simple jobs that are now done by human beings.

They point out that at a circus， for example， we may see elephants， monkeys， dogs and other animals doing quite skillful things. Perhaps you have seen them on the television or in a film. If you watch closely， you may notice that the trainer always gives the animal a piece of candy or a piece of fruit as a reward. The scientists say that many different animals may be trained to do a number of simple jobs if they know they will get a reward for doing them.

Of course， as we know， dogs can be used to guard a house， and soldiers in both old and modem times have used geese to give warning by making a lot of noise when a stranger or an enemy comes near. But it may be possible to train animals to work in factories. In Russia， for example， pigeons which are birds with good eyesight， are being used to watch out for faults in small steel balls that are being made in one factory. When the pigeon sees a ball which looks different from others， it touches a steel plate with its beak. This turns on a light to warn people in the factory. At the same time a few seeds are given as a reward. It takes three to five weeks to train a pigeon to do this and one pigeon can inspect 3 000 to 4 000 balls an hour.

Apes have been used in America in helping to make cars， and scientists believe that these large monkeys may be one day gather crops and even drive trains.

What made scientists think animal can be made to work for us one day？ 查看材料

A.Animals are very skillful at a circus.

B.They are big and strong.

C.Some animals are as clever as human beings.

D.Animals can be trained because they like to get something as a reward.

rican visitor was overwhelmed and feeling a little inferior. Watching a string of gleaming stereo sets move down an assembly line, he turned to the plant manager and said, "Gosh, even your industrial design is better than ours.

"Ah, yes," replied the manager, "but America has treasures that Japan can never hope to possess."

"You mean our mineral wealth and bountiful farms？

"Ah, no. I was referring to Caltech and MIT."

America's scientific institutions--its technological universities and government laboratories--are the en vy of the world , producing ideas, devices and medicines that have made the U.S. prosperous, improved the lives of people around the globe and profoundly affected their perception of the world and the universe. This tremendous creativity is reflected in tile technical reports that are published in scientific journals throughout the world. Fully 35 % of them come from scientists doing their research at American institutions.

Yet American dominance can no longer be taken for granted. Many recent U. S. achievements and a wards stem in large measure from generous research grants of the past, and any weakening of government and industry commitment to support of basic research could in the next few decades cost the nation its scientific leadership. Some slipping is already divalent. In high-energy physics, where Americans once reigned supreme, Western Europe now spends roughly twice as much money as the U. S. Result. the major high-energy physics discoveries of tile past few years have been made not by Americans but by Europeans.

Even so, money alone cannot guarantee scientific supremacy. Freedom of inquiry, an intellectually stimulating environment and continuous recruitment of the best minds must accompany it. That combination has been achieved in many U.S. institutions--educational, governmental and industrial--but perhaps no where more successfully than at the National Institutes of Health, Bell Laboratories and Caltech.

America's technological universities and government laboratories are generally ______.

A．loved by scientists in other parts of the world

B．disliked by scientists in other parts of the world

C．admired by scientists in other parts of the world

D．jealous of scientists in other parts of the world

reduce the chance of suffering a heart attack by eating less of the foods rich in cholesterol(胆固醇). These include such foods as meats, milk products and eggs. The Heart Association noted a number of studies which show that nations where people eat a lot of high cholesterol foods have a higher number of deaths from heart disease.

However, the new report disagrees. It was made by the Food and Nutrition Board of the United States National Academy of Sciences. The new report by a team of 15 scientists said there is no evidence to link cholesterol in food directly to heart disease. It noted seven major studies involving people whose diet was changed to include only foods low in cholesterol. The studies found only a very small reduction in the number of heart attacks and there was no reduction in the number of heart attack deaths.

Other studies have shown similar results. They found that a change to low cholesterol foods will have only a minor effect on the amount of cholesterol in a person's blood and only a minor effect on the number of deaths.

Medical scientists hope that two huge new studies may settle the cholesterol dispute. The tests are designed to learn if low cholesterol foods or anti-cholesterol drugs, or both, can reduce the amount of the substance in the blood and reduce the chance of a heart attack. The two new studies will be finished in the next year or two.

The new Academy of Sciences report also discussed other possible links between food and disease. The scientists, in general, they are deeply concerned about some of the recent advice given about food. They noted that a number of private groups, government agencies and several popular books have advised that people can prevent heart disease, cancer and other sicknesses by changing the kinds of foods they eat. The new report said there is often no good scientific evidence to support such advice. In fact, the scientists said such ideas often produce only false hopes or unnecessary fears.

According to the passage, people could reduce the chance of suffering heart attack by ______.

A．eating less foods with a lot of cholesterol

B．eating less of low cholesterol foods

C．eating a lot of high cholesterol foods

D．eating drugs

tes for the last ten years. Computers used to be large, expensive machines that were very difficult to use. But scientists and technicians have been making them smaller and cheaper while at the same time they have been made easier to use. As a result, their popularity has been increasing as more people have been buying computers for their homes and businesses. Computers have been designed to store information and compute problems that are difficult for human beings to work out. Some have voices that speak with the operators. Stores use computers to keep records of their inventories (库存货物) and to send bills to their customers. Offices use computers to copy letters, record business and keep in touch with other offices. People have been using computers in their homes to keep track of the money they spend. One important new use for computers is for entertainment. Many new games have been designed to be played on the computers. People of all ages have been playing these games. People also have been buying home computers to play computer games, watch movies and listen to concerts at home. They have become very popular indeed. Computers used to _______.

A.work rapidly

B.be large and expensive

C.be easy to use

D.be used for fun

Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.

The method for making beer has changed over time. Hops (啤酒花), for example, which give many a modern beer its bitter flavor, are a- 26 recent addition to the beverage. This was mentioned in reference to brewing in the ninth century. Now, researchers have found a--- 27 ingredient in residue (残留物) from 5000-year-old beer brewing equipment. While excavating two pits at a site in the central plains of China, scientists discovered fragments from pots and ve__ . The different shapes of the containers 28they were used to brew, filter, and store beer. They --may be ancient “beer-making tools,” and the earliest 29evidence of beer brewing in China, the researchers reported in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. To 30that hypothesis, the team examined the yellowish, dried 31 inside the vessels. The majority of the grains, about 80%, were from cereal crops like barley (大麦), and about 10% were bits of roots, 32 lily, would have made the beer sweeter, the scientists say. Barley was an unexpected find: the crop was domesticated in Western Eurasia and didn’t become a 33food in central China until about 2000 years ago, according to the researchers. Based on that timing, they indicate barley may have 34in the region not as food, but as35material for beer brewing.

Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage.

The method for making beer has changed over time. Hops (啤酒花)，for example, which give many a modem beer its bitter flavor, are a (26)_______ recent addition to the beverage. This was first mentioned in reference to brewing in the ninth century. Now, researchers have found a (27)_______ingredient in residue (残留物)from 5,000-year-old beer brewing equipment. While digging two pits at a site in the central plains of China, scientists discovered fragments from pots and vessels. The different shapes of the containers (28)_______ they were used to brew, filter, and store beer. They may be ancient “beer-making tools,” and the earliest (29_______ evidence of beer brewing in China, the researchers reported in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. To (30)_______ that theory, the team examined the yellowish, dried (31)_______ inside the vessels. The majority of the grains, about 80%, were from cereal crops like barley (大麦),and about 10% were bits of roots, (32)_______lily,which would have made the beer sweeter, the scientists say. Barley was an unexpected find: the crop was domesticated in Western Eurasia and didn&39;t become a (33)_______food in central China until about 2,000 years ago, according to the researchers. Based on that timing, they indicate barley may have (34)_______ in the region not as food, but as (35)_______material for beer brewing.

A) Arrived

B) consuming

C) direct

D) exclusively

E) including

F) inform

G) raw

H) reached

I) relatively

J) remains

K)resources

L) staple

M) suggest

N) surprising

O) test

n part from the blurring of boundaries between science and technology，between discovery and manufacture． Most government，perhaps all governments，justify public expenditure on scientific research in terms of the economic benefits the scientific enterprise ha brought in the past and will bring in the future． Politicians remind their voters of the splendid machines ‘our scientists’ have invented，the new drugs to relieve old ailments （病痛），and the new surgical equipment and techniques by which previously intractable （难治疗的） conditions may now be treated and lives saved． At the same time，the politicians demand of scientists that they tailor their research to ‘economics needs’，that they award a higher priority to research proposals that are ‘near the market’ and can be translated into the greatest return on investment in the shortest time． Dependent，as they are，on politicians for much of their funding，scientists have little choice but to comply． Like the rest of us，they are members of a society that rates the creation of wealth as the greatest possible good． Many have reservations，but keep them to themselves in what they perceive as a climate hostile to the pursuit of understanding for its own sake and the idea of an inquiring，creative spirit．

In such circumstances no one should be too hard on people who are suspicious of conflicts of interest． When we learn that the distinguished professor assuring us of the safety of a particular product holds a consultancy with the company making it，we cannot be blamed for wondering whether his fee might conceivably cloud his professional judgment． Even if the professor holds no consultancy with any firm，some people many still distrust him because of his association with those who do，or at least wonder about the source of some his research funding．

This attitude can have damaging effects． It questions the integrity of individuals working in a profession that prizes intellectual honesty as the supreme virtue，and plays into the hands of those who would like to discredit scientists by representing then a venal （可以收买的）． This makes it easier to dismiss all scientific pronouncements，but especially those made by the scientists who present themselves as ‘experts’． The scientist most likely to understand the safety of a nuclear reactor，for example，is a nuclear engineer declares that a reactor is unsafe，we believe him，because clearly it is not to his advantage to lie about it． If he tells us it is safe，on the other hand，we distrust him，because he may well be protecting the employer who pays his salary．

第31题：What is the chief concern of most governments when it comes to scientific research？

A．Support from the votes．

B．The reduction of public expenditure．

C．Quick economics returns．

D．The budget for a research project．