The evidence showed that the people have () a lot of damages.

We have to collect enough evidence()that we have suffered a lot of damages.

A. showing

B. to show

C. showed

hconditions contradicts earlier images of wealth and abundance from the artrecords of the ancient Egyptian city of Tell el-Amarna, a study has found．Tell el-Amarna was the capital of ancient Egypt during the reign of the pharaoh (法老) Akhenaten, who abandoned most of Egypts old gods in favor of the Aten sun disk andbrought in a new and more expressive style. of art．Akhenaten, who ruled Egypt between 1379 and 1362BC, built and lived in Tell el-Amarna in central Egypt for 15 years．The city was largely abandoned shortlyafter his death and the ascendance of the famous boy king Tutankhamun to the throne．Studies on the remains of ordinary ancient Egyptians in a cemetery in Tell el-Amarna showed thatmany of them suffered from anem/a (贫血症 ), fractured bones, stunted growth and high juvenilemortality rates, according to professors Barry Kemp and Jerome Rose, who led the research．Rose, a professor of anthropology (人类学) in the University of Arkansas in the United States, saidadults buried in the cemetery were probably brought there from other parts of Egypt．"This means that wehave a period of deprivation in Egypt prior to the Amarna phase．So maybe things were not so good for theaverage Egyptian and maybe Akhenaten said we have to change to make things better," he said．Kemp, director of the Amarna Project which seeks in part to increase public knowledge of Tell el-Amarna and surrounding region, said little attention has been given to the cemeteries of ordinary ancient Egyptians．Rose displayed pictures showing spinal (脊柱) injuries among teenagers, probably because of accidents during construction work to build the city．The study showed that anemia ran at 74 percent among children and teenagers, and at 44 percentamong adults, Rose said．The average height of men was 159 cm (5 feet 2 inches) and 153 cm among women．"Adult heights are used as an indicator for overall standard of living," he said．"Short statures(身长) reflect a diet deficient in protein．．．People were not growing to their full potential．" What is the findings of the study mentioned in the passage？

A.The ancient Tell el-Amarna was famous for its art records．

B.The artistic exhibition of ancient Tell el-Amarna was trustworthy．

C.The art records of Tell el-Amarna showed ancient Egyptians real life．

D.Life was really tough for average Egyptians in ancient Tell el-Amarna．

ars, 4,200 miles in diameter and 55% of the size of the Earth, is 34,600,000 miles from the Earth, and 141,000,000 miles from the Sun. It takes this planet, along 0with its two moons, Phoboes and Deimos, 1.88 years to circle, the Sun, compared to 365 days from the Earth.

For many years, Mars had been thought of as the planet with the man made canals, supposedly discovered by an Italian astronomer, Schiaparelli, in 1877. With the United States spacecraft Viking I's landing on 'Mars in 1976, the man-made canal theory was proven to be only a myth.

Viking I, after landing on the soil of Mars, performed many scientific experiments and took numerous pictures. The pictures showed that the red color of the planet is due to the reddish, rocky Martian soil. No biological life was found, though it had been speculated by many scientists. The Viking al so monitored many weather changes including violent dust storms. Some water vapor, polar ice and permafrost were found, indicating that at one time there were significant quantities of water on this distant planet. Evidence collected by the spacecraft shows some present volcanic action, though the volcanoes are believed to be dormant, if not extinct.

Which of the following is true？

A．Mars is larger than the Earth.

B．Mars had Viking as its moon.

C．Martian soil is brownish rod.

D．It takes longer for Mars to circle the Sun than it takes the Earth.

ons in ways that interfere with enjoyment or that cause avoidance of social contacts altogether. It can vary from mild feelings to moderately uncomfortable in social circumstances to debilitating levels of anxiety that interfere in children with the process of socialization. Shyness is a personality trait that affects a child's temperament. Some infants are born shy and more sensitive. Some of them are quiet when new people enter a room. A shy baby might sink his head into his mother's shoulder, while a baby who is outgoing might smile or squeal with delight when someone new visits. Some children may feel shy in certain situations, like when meeting new people. Other children may learn to be shy because of experiences in school or at home. As of 2004, research tended to distinguish shyness from introversion. Introverts simply prefer solitary to social activities but do not fear social encounters as shy people do.

Evidence suggests a genetic component to shyness. Studies on the biological basis of shyness have shown that shyness in adults can often be traced as far back ns the age of three. A Harvard study of two-year olds showed that, even at that age, widely different personality types can be recognized: roughly 25 percent of children are bold, sociable, and spontaneous regardless of the novelty of the situation, while 20 percent are shy and restrained in new situations. The remaining 55 percent of newborns fall between the extremes of shyness and boldness. These two basic temperaments were also recognized in studies examining infants as young as four months old. As children grow, their shy temperament tends to display itself in predictable ways: for example, in play groups at age seven, shy children play by themselves, while more outgoing children seek to play together in groups. Evidence of a genetic predisposition for shyness is found in parents and grandparents of shy infants who report childhood shyness more often than relatives of children who are not shy. Further evidence for a congenital link to shyness is found In studies that show that identical twins (who have identical genes) are more likely to be shy than fraternal twins (who are no more alike than other siblings).

Research shows, however, that 25 percent of the time genetic predisposition to shyness does not develop into shyness. Some researchers believe that a shy temperament may require environmental triggers, such as insecurity of attachment in the form. of difficult relationships with parents, family conflict or chaos, frequent criticism, a dominating older sibling, or a stressful school environment.

Research has also identified a strong cultural link to shyness. In the United States, shyness surveys typically show that shyness is highest among Asian Americans and lowest among Jewish Americans. Using culturally sensitive adaptations of the Stanford Shyness Inventory, researchers in eight countries administered the inventory to groups of 18 to 21 year olds. Results showed that a large proportion of participants in all cultures reported experiencing shyness to a considerable degree--from 31 percent in Israel to 57 percent in Japan. in Mexico, Germany, India, and Canada, shyness levels were close to the U. S. figure of 40 percent. In all countries, shyness is perceived as more negative than positive, with 60 percent or more considering shyness to be a problem. There is no gender difference in reported shyness, but males tend to conceal their shyness because it is considered a feminine Wait in most countries. For example, in Mexico, males report shyness less often than females do.

When shyness is intense, it can often lead to social anxiety disorder or to avoidant personality disorder, both characterized by the avoidance of interpersonal contacts accompanied by significant fears of embarrass

A．discomfort in social situations

B．the preference for loneliness

C．being sensitive

D．fear social encounters

etween money and happiness, but that's myth, says University of Illinois psychologist Ed Diener.

The connection is complex. In fact, very rich people rate substantially higher in satisfaction with life than very poor people do, even within wealthy nations, he says. "There is overwhelming evidence that money buys happiness," said economist Andrew Oswald of University of Warwick in England. The main debate, he said, is how strong the effect is.

Oswald recently reported a study of Britons who won between ＄ 2,000 and ＄ 250,000 in a lottery (彩票拍奖). As a group, they showed a boost in happiness averaging a bit more than one point on a 36-point scale when surveyed two years after their win, compared to their levels two years before they won.

Daniel Kahnman, a Nobel-Prize winner and Princeton economist, and colleagues, recently declared that the notion that making a lot of money will produce good overall mood is "mostly illusory". They noted that in one study, members of the high-income group were almost twice as likely to call themselves "very happy" as people from households with incomes below ＄ 20,000. But other studies, rather than asking for a summary estimate of happiness, follow people through the day and repeatedly record their feeling. These studies show less effect of income on happiness. Kahneman and colleagues said.

There is still another twist to the money-happiness story. Even though people who make＄150,000 are considerably happier than those who make ＄ 40,000, It's not clear why, says psychologist Richard E. Lucas of Michigan State University.

Researchers conclude that any effect of money on happiness is smaller than most daydreamers assume. "People exaggerate how much happiness is bought by an extra few thousand," Oswald said. "The quality of relationships has a far bigger effect than quite large rises in salary. It's much better advice, if you're looking for happiness in life, try to find the right husband or wife than to try to double your salary."

The main purpose of this passage is to discuss ______

A．the contributions of household incomes to happiness

B．the complex relationship between money and happiness

C．the positive relationship between money and happiness

D．the negative relations of money to happiness

ly, you think you’re more beautiful than you are. We have a deep-seated need to feel good about ourselves and we naturally employ a number of self-enhancing strategies to research into what the call the “above average effect”, or “illusory superiority”, and shown that, for example, 70% of us rate ourselves as above average in leadership, 93% in driving and 85% at getting on well with others—all obviously statistical impossibilities.

We rose tint our memories and put ourselves into self-affirming situations. We become defensive when criticized, and apply negative stereotypes to others to boost our own esteem, we stalk around thinking we’re hot stuff.

Psychologist and behavioral scientist Nicholas Epley oversaw a key studying into self-enhancement and attractiveness. Rather that have people simply rate their beauty compress with others, he asked them to identify an original photogragh of themselves’ from a lineup including versions that had been altered to appear more and less attractive. Visual recognition, reads the study, is “an automatic psychological process occurring rapidly and intuitively with little or no apparent conscious deliberation”. If the subjects quickly chose a falsely flattering image- which must did- they genuinely believed it was really how they looked. Epley found no significant gender difference in responses. Nor was there any evidence that, those who self-enhance the must (that is, the participants who thought the most positively doctored picture were real) were doing so to make up for profound insecurities. In fact those who thought that the images higher up the attractiveness scale were real directly corresponded with those who showed other makers for having higher self-esteem. “I don’t think the findings that we having have are any evidence of personal delusion”, says Epley. “It’s a reflection simply of people generally thinking well of themselves’. If you are depressed, you won’t be self-enhancing. Knowing the results of Epley ‘s study,it makes sense that why people heat photographs of themselves Viscerally-on one level, they don’t even recognise the person in the picture as themselves, Facebook therefore ,is a self-enhancer’s paradise,where people can share only the most flattering photos, the cream of their wit ,style. ,beauty, intellect and lifestyle. it’s not that people’s profiles are dishonest,says catalina toma of Wiscon—Madison university ,”but they portray an idealized version of themselves.

According to the first paragraph, social psychologist have found that ______ .

A.our self-ratings are unrealistically high

B.illusory superiority is baseless effect

C.our need for leadership is unnatural

D.self-enhancing strategies are ineffective

Visual recognition is believed to be people’s______ .A.rapid watching

B.conscious choice

C.intuitive response

D.automatic self-defence

Epley found that people with higher self-esteem tended to______ .A.underestimate their insecurities

B.believe in their attractiveness

C.cover up their depressions

D.oversimplify their illusions

The word “Viscerally”(Line 2,para.5) is closest in meaning to_____.A.instinctively

B.occasionally

C.particularly

D.aggressively

It can be inferred that Facebook is self-enhancer’s paradise because people can _____.A.present their dishonest profiles

B.define their traditional life styles

C.share their intellectual pursuits

D.withhold their unflattering sides

请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析，谢谢！

cerned with understanding patterns of human relationships, their causes and their effects. Unlike psychology, sociology does not attempt to explain the behavior. of a particular individual under certain circumstances. Rather, sociology focuses on social trends or other influences that affect whole groups or categories of people. Thus, while a psychologist might counsel an individual who feels worthless after retiring from a long and successful career, a sociologist would be more likely to examine societal attitudes that may contribute to the loss of self-esteem experienced by many retired persons in our society.

The emphasis that sociology places on human groups rather than individuals stems directly from the work of Emile Durkheim, a pioneering sociologist of the nineteenth century. Durkheim likened the nature of a social group to bronze, a unique metal that is formed when the metals tin, copper, and lead are melted and mixed together. Durkheim noted that bronze is much harder than any of its component metals. In the same way, he reasoned, the characteristics of a social group viewed as a whole cannot be determined simply by examining the characteristics of its individual members. Nor can individuals be understood strictly in terms of the individuals themselves; when people come together as members of a particular group, the group exerts considerable pressure on the individual to conform. to what it considers acceptable ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving.

Besides developing a theoretical foundation for the study of social groups, Durkheim also conducted research de- signed to corroborate his theoretical work. Using landmark research methods, Durkheim collected and analyzed data from a number of countries that kept records on suicides. He wanted to show that social environment may have a profound effect even on those behaviors we consider most personal. The results of his study showed that suicide rates do indeed vary according to specific social characteristics. For example, Durkheim found that members of religions with strong prohibitions against suicide are less likely to commit suicide than are members of religious groups with weaker prohibitions. He also found a lower incidence of suicide among married persons than among persons who were single or divorced. Taken together, the findings of Durkheim' s study provided convincing evidence that social groups do indeed exert pressures that control or regulate the behavior. of individuals, including deeply personal behaviors.

Durkheim's rigorous research methods captured the attention of sociologists around the world, and were perhaps even more important to the future development of sociology than any specific research results could be. Within a short time, his specific approach to formulating and testing social theory became a model that guided the work of nearly all sociologists. This assured Emile Durkheim a lasting place as one of the key figures in the history of sociology.

Which of the following best expresses the main idea of the selection？

A．Both the social group theory and the scientific research methods developed by Durkheim have contributed much to the field of sociology.

B．Durkheim believed that individual members of a group strongly influence the group' s ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving.

C．The research study conducted by Durkheim provided strong evidence that suicide rates vary among members of different social groups.

D．Through his research, Durkheim made great strides in distinguishing sociology from psychology.

m have died.

But doctors say evidence also shows there is no reason for persons to become terrified by the disease. The AIDS virus is spread during sex with an infected partner, or by infected blood. But doctors say their studies show the disease is not spread through normal, close social activities.

A study by one research team was printed in the New England Journal of Medicine. The doctors studied one-hundred-one family members who lived with AIDS and lived in crowded conditions. The family members shared many personal goods with the patients. These included toothbrushes, drinking glasses, beds, towels and toilets.

Doctors said only one family member—a five-year-old girl—got the AIDS virus. They note, however, that the girl's mother had the disease. They believe the girl probably was born with the virus. No other family member in the study got the AIDS virus or showed any signs of the disease.

The head of the study, Gerald Friedland, said if the disease is not easily spread in crowded homes, it also will not spread easily in factories, offices, schools and other public places. (67) Doctor Friedland said the study also shows there is no reason to punish AIDS patients and to force them to live separately from other persons.

American health officials recently warned, however, that some health care workers should take special care. The report noted the AIDS virus is carried in blood and other body fluids. It said health care workers should put protective covers over their eyes and skin during medical operations, dental work, or other times when the patient may bleed.

(68)In the United States, most AIDS patients are homosexual people, people taking drugs, people who used infected needles, and persons who received infected blood. More recent studies show the AIDS virus also can be spread during heterosexual(异性的)relations. It can spread either from the man to the woman, or from the woman to the man.

Doctors say there is no reason for people to be frightened about AIDS because______.

A．it is not deadly

B．few people are infected with AIDS

C．the AIDS virus is not spread in everyday social activities

D．the AIDS virus is not spread during sex

Questions are based on the following passage．

Most of us are used to seasons． Each year, spring follows winter, which follows autumn, which follows summer, which follows spring． And winter is colder than summer． But the earth goes through temperature cycles over much longer perio~ds than those that we experience． Between 65,000 and 35,000 years ago, the planet was much colder than it is now． During that time the temperature also changed a lot, with periods of warming and cooling． Ice melted duringthe warm periods, which made sea levels rise． Water froze again during the cold periods．

(77) A new study from Switzerland sheds light on where ice sheets melted during the ice age． It now seems that the ice melted at both ends of the earth, rather than just in either northemor southern regions．

age． It now seems that the ice melted at both ends of the earth, rather than just in either northern

or southern regions．

This surprised the researchers from the University of Bern． (78) Scientists have long assumed that most of the ice that melted was in the Northern hemisphere (半球) during the 30,000-year long ice age． That belief was held because the North Pole is surrounded by land, while the South Pole is surrounded by the Antarctic Ocean． It is easier for ice sheets to grow on land． If surrounded by sea the ice can easily just slip into the ocean instead of building up．

The researchers used a computer model to look at ways the ice could melt and how it might affect sea levels． They compared these results to evidence of how temperatures and currents actually changed during that time． The model showed that if it was only in the Northern hemisphere that ice melted, there would have been a bigger impact (影响）on ocean currents (洋流) and sea temperatures than what actually happened． Studies suggest that melting just in the Southern hemisphere would have been impossible, too． The only reasonable conclusion, the scientists could make, was that ice melted equally in the North and the South．

It is still a mystery as to what caused the temperature changes that caused the ice to melt．

The North Pole is surrounded by land， while the South Pole is surrounded by the Antarctic Ocean． So scientists thought that __________ 查看材料

A.most of the ice melted in the Northern hemisphere

B.most of the ice melted in the Southern hemisphere

C.The North Pole is colder than the South Pole

D.The South Pole is colder than the North Pole

’s mental well-being, a study has suggested. UK researchers found moving to a green space had a sustained positive effect. Co-author Mathew White, from the University of Exeter, UK, explained that the study showed people living in greener urban areas were displaying fewer signs of depression or anxiety. “There could be a number of reasons,” he said, “for example, people do many things to make themselves happier; they strive for promotion or pay rises, or they get married. But the trouble is that within six months to a year, people are back to their original baseline levels of well-being. So, these things are not sustainable; they don’t make us happy in the long term. ” Dr. White said his team wanted to see whether living in greener urban areas has a lasting positive effect on people’s sense of well-being or whether the effect also disappeared after a period of time. To do this, the team used data from the British Household Panel Survey compiled by University of Essex. “What you see is that even after three years, mental health is still better, which is unlike many other things that we think will make us happy.” He observed that people living in green spaces were less stressed, and more sensible and communicated better. With a growing body of evidence establishing a link between urban green spaces and a positive impact on human well-being, Dr. White said “There’s growing interest among public policy officials, but the trouble is who funds it.”

1.According to a study, what do green spaces do to people()

A、Improve their work efficiency.

B、Add to their sustained happiness

C、Help them build a positive attitude towards life.

D、Lesson their concerns about material well-being.

2.What do people usually do to make themselves happier()

A、Earn more money.

B、Settle in an urban area.

C、Gain fame and popularity.

D、Live in a green environment.

3.What does Dr. White try to find out about living in a greener urban area()

A、How it affects different people.

B、How strong its positive effect is.

C、How long its positive effect.

D、How it benefits people.

4.What did the research reveal about people living in a green environment()

A、Their stress was more apparent than real.

B、Their decisions required less deliberation.

C、Their memories were greatly strengthened.

D、Their communication with others improved.

5.What should the government do to build more green spaces in cities()

A、Find financial support.

B、Improve urban planning.

C、Involve local residents in the effort.

D、Raise public awareness of the issue.

A.helped…how to

B.helped…how

C.showed…to

D.showed…how to