Gene therapy offers unique possibilities to treat the _______ causes of diseases.

ch as fatal enzyme deficiencies.

A.X-ray therapy

B.chemotherapy

C.immunotherapy

D.gene therapy

A.surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy

B.surgery

C.gene therapy

D.food therapy

A.生物治疗 (Biotherapy )

B.基因治疗 (Gene therapy )

C.手术治疗 (Operation treatment )

D.冷敷治疗 (Cold compress treatment)

A.生物治疗 (Biotherapy )

B.基因治疗 (Gene therapy )

C.手术治疗 (Operation treatment )

D.冷敷治疗 (Cold compress treatment)

y," says Jonathan Wyatt "Now, I can see peoples faces." The 65-year-old is one of six people in the world to receive gene therapy for a【C1】______type of inherited eye disease【C2】______choroideremia(an eye disease). The first published【C3】______of the trial, released today, suggest that【C4】______peoples genes can stop the disease from causing blindness—and【C5】______sight in those whose vision has become【C6】______. Choroideremia is caused by【C7】______in the CHM gene. In those who have the disease, a【C8】______of REP-1 means that cells in the eyes stop working and slowly begin to【C9】______causing blindness. Enter gene therapy, which uses a virus to insert a【C10】______copy of a gene into cells with a gene defect and could【C11】______be used to treat many genetic conditions. Robert MacLaren of the University of Oxford and his colleagues decided to see if it could【C12】______choroideremia. Starting two years ago with Wyatt, they【C13】______a virus carrying a corrective copy of the CHM gene into the eyes of people with choroideremia. Today the team【C14】______that of the six people who received the treatment six months【C15】______or longer, all have described【C16】______in their vision. Still, the long-lasting effects of the treatment remain【C17】______Wyatt had the treatment first, so can【C18】______that the benefits seem to last two years,【C19】______hes just one case. The treatment also cant replace cells that have been【C20】______destroyed.

【C1】

A．common

B．ambiguous

C．rare

D．simple

lectual achievements of the 20th century. Born with an extremely rare and usually fatal disorder that left her without a functioning immune system(the "bubble-boy disease" , named after an earlier victim who was kept alive for years in a sterile plastic tent), she was treated beginning in 1990 with a revolutionary new therapy that sought to correct the defect at its very source, in the genes of her white blood cells. It worked. Although her last gene-therapy treatment was in 1992, she is completely healthy with normal immune function, according to one of the doctors who treated her, W. French Anderson of the University of Southern California. Researchers have long dreamed of treating diseases from hemophilia to cancer by replacing mutant genes with normal ones. And the dreaming may continue for decades more. "There will be a gene-based treatment for essentially every disease, " Anderson says, "within 50 years. "

It' s not entirely clear why medicine has been so slow to build on Anderson's early success. The National Institutes of Health budget office estimates it will spend $ 432 million on gene-therapy research in 2005, and there is no shortage of promising leads. The therapeutic genes are usually delivered through viruses that don't cause human disease. "The virus is sort of like a Trojan horse, " says Ronald Crystal of New York Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical College. "The cargo is the gene. "

At the University of Pennsylvania's Abramsoh Cancer Center, immunologist Carl June recently treated HIV patients with a gene intended to help their cells resist the infection. At Cornell University, researchers are pursuing gene-based therapies for Parkinson' s disease and a rare hereditary disorder that destroys children' s brain cells. At Stanford University and the Children' s Hospital of Philadelphia, researchers are trying to figure out how to help patients with hemophilia who today must inject themselves with expensive clotting drugs for life. Animal experiments have shown great promise.

But somehow, things get lost in the translation from laboratory to patient. In human trials of the hemophilia treatment, patients show a response at first, but it fades over time. And the field has still not recovered from the setback it suffered in 1999, when Jesse Gelsinger, an 18-year-old with a rare metabolic disorder, died after receiving an experimental gene therapy at the University of Pennsylvania. Some experts worry that the field will be tarnished further if the next people to benefit are not patients but athletes seeking an edge. This summer, researchers at the Salk Institute in San Diego said they had created a "marathon mouse" by implanting a gene that enhances running ability; already, officials at the World Anti-Doping Agency are preparing to test athletes for signs of "gene doping". But the principle is the same, whether you' re trying to help a healthy runner run faster or allow a muscular-dystrophy patient to walk. "Everybody recognizes that gene therapy is a very good idea, " says Crystal. "And eventually it's going to work. "

The case of Ashanthi Desilva is mentioned in the text to______.

A．show the promise of gene-therapy

B．give an example of modern treatment for fatal diseases

C．introduce the achievement of Anderson and his team

D．explain how gene-based treatment works

Thursday January 11, 2007

The Guardian1. British scientists are preparing to launch trials of a radical new way to fight cancer, which kills tumours by infecting them with viruses like the common cold.

If successful, virus therapy could eventually form. a third pillar alongside radiotherapy and chemotherapy in the standard arsenal against cancer, while avoiding some of the debilitating side-effects.

Leonard Seymour, a professor of gene therapy at Oxford University, who has been working on the virus therapy with colleagues in London and the US, will lead the trials later this year. Cancer Research UK said yesterday that it was excited by the potential of Prof Seymour"s pioneering techniques.

One of the country"s leading geneticists, Prof Seymour has been working with viruses that kill cancer cells directly, while avoiding harm to healthy tissue. "In principle, you"ve got something which could be many times more effective than regular chemotherapy," he said.

Cancer-killing viruses exploit the fact that cancer cells suppress the body"s local immune system. "If a cancer doesn"t do that, the immune system wipes it out. If you can get a virus into a tumour, viruses find them a very good place to be because there"s no immune system to stop them replicating. You can regard it as the cancer"s Achilles" heel."

Only a small amount of the virus needs to get to the cancer. "They replicate, you get a million copies in each cell and the cell bursts and they infect the tumour cells adjacent and repeat the process," said Prof Seymour.

Preliminary research on mice shows that the viruses work well on tumours resistant to standard cancer drugs. "It"s an interesting possibility that they may have an advantage in killing drug-resistant tumours, which could be quite different to anything we"ve had before."

Researchers have known for some time that viruses can kill tumour cells and some aspects of the work have already been published in scientific journals. American scientists have previously injected viruses directly into tumours but this technique will not work if the cancer is inaccessible or has spread throughout the body.

Prof Seymour"s innovative solution is to mask the virus from the body"s immune system, effectively allowing the viruses to do what chemotherapy drugs do - spread through the blood and reach tumours wherever they are. The big hurdle has always been to find a way to deliver viruses to tumours via the bloodstream without the body"s immune system destroying them on the way.

"What we"ve done is make chemical modifications to the virus to put a polymer coat around it - it"s a stealth virus when you inject it," he said.

After the stealth virus infects the tumour, it replicates, but the copies do not have the chemical modifications. If they escape from the tumour, the copies will be quickly recognised and mopped up by the body"s immune system.

The therapy would be especially useful for secondary cancers, called metastases, which sometimes spread around the body after the first tumour appears. "There"s an awful statistic of patients in the west ... with malignant cancers; 75% of them go on to die from metastases," said Prof Seymour.

Two viruses are likely to be examined in the first clinical trials: adenovirus, which normally causes a cold-like illness, and vaccinia, which causes cowpox and is also used in the vaccine against smallpox. For safety reasons, both will be disabled to make them less pathogenic in the trial, but Prof Seymour said he eventually hopes to use natural viruses.

The first trials will use uncoated adenovirus and vaccinia and will be delivered locally to liver tumours, in order to establish whether the treatment is safe in humans and what dose of virus will be needed. Several more years of trials will be needed, eventually also on the polymer-coated viruses, before the therapy can be considered for use in the NHS. Though the approach will be examined at first for cancers that do not respond to conventional treatments, Prof Seymour hopes that one day it might be applied to all cancers.

(665 words)

Questions 29-34

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage？ For questions 29-34 write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage

Virus therapy, if successful, has an advantage in eliminating side-effects.

Cancer Research UK is quite hopeful about Professor Seymour’s work on the virus therapy.

Virus can kill cancer cells and stop them from growing again.

To infect the cancer cells, a good deal of viruses should be injected into the tumor.

Cancer’s Achilles’ heel refers to the fact that virus may stay safely in a tumor and replicate.

Researches on animals indicate that virus could be used as a new way to treat drug-resistant tumors.

To treat tumors spreading out in body, researchers try toA.change the body’ immune system

B.inject chemotherapy drugs into bloodstream.

C.increase the amount of injection

D.disguise the viruses on the way to tumors.

When the chemical modified virus in tumor replicates, the copiesA.will soon escape from the tumor and spread out.

B.will be wiped out by the body’s immune system.

C.will be immediately recognized by the researchers.

D.will eventually stop the tumor from spreading out.

Question 36-37 Based on the reading passage, choose the appropriate letter from A-D for each answer. Information about researches on viruses killing tumor cells can be found

A.on TV

B.in magazines

C.on internet

D.in newspapers

Questions 38-41 Complete the sentences below. Choose your answers from the list of words. You can only use each word once. NB There are more words in the list than spaces so you will not use them all. In the first clinical trials, scientists will try to 38___________ adenovirus and vaccinia, so both the viruses will be less pathogenic than the 39___________ These uncoated viruses will be applied directly to certain areas to confirm safety on human beings and the right 40___________ needed. The experiments will firstly be 41___________ to the treatment of certain cancers List of Words dosage responding smallpox virus disable natural ones inject directed treatment cold-like illness kill patients examined

38.___________

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