say researchers who warn that rising temperatures also_____

fer a heart attack. They say the risk of a heart attack is greatest within an hour of being in traffiC.

The findings are based on a German study of almost 700 people who suffered heart attacks. The patients described their activities during the four days before their heart attack. Researchers found that those who had been in traffic were three times more likely to have a heart attack within one hour, compared to those who had not been in traffiC. Most of those in the study had been traveling by car. But some had been on bicycles and others were on buses.

Research shows that people in cars and buses are exposed to ten times the amount of pollutants as people walking on the street. That is largely because they breathe in the particles and gasses released from the vehicles in front of them.

Over time, these small particles speed the buildup of a sticky substance in the blooD. This can cause blockages(阻塞) to form. in the arteries(动脉) around the heart and lead to a heart attack.

Other studies have also linked heart trouble to stress, similar to the kind that people face while driving in heavy traffiC. But the researchers of the latest study say they do not know whether the increased heart attack risk was the result of stress or pollution. They suggest it may be a combination of stress, noise and pollution. Experts say the research shows the need fro cleaner vehicles and better city planning.

9.According to the study, which of the following ways is the safest in traffic？

A. Driving a car

B. Walking on the street

C. Taking a bus

D. Riding a bicycle

9.From among the 700 people who suffered heart attacks we learn that ______.

A. those who have been in traffic are three times as many as those who have not

B. those who have been in traffic for more than one hour are most likely to suffer heart attacks

C. the risk of a heart attack is three higher among those who have been in traffic than those who have not

D. Most of the subjects (实验对象) felt uncomfortable during the four days before the attack

9.The particles released from vehicles ______.

A. build up in the blood

B. become blockages in the arteries

C. make the blood more sticky

D. do harm to the heart

9.According to the studies, which of the following is NOT a likely cause of heart attack？

A. Stress

B. Noise

C. Air pollution

D. Traffic accident

9.What suggestion do experts make to lower the risk？

A. Reducing traffic as much as possible.

B. Living away from nose.

C. Planting more trees in the city.

D. Making vehicles clean.

____

psychologists have puzzled over more than half a century: social conformity. The study 【M2】______

was based on a famous series of laboratory experiment from the 1950's by a social psy 【M3】______

chologist, Dr. Solomon Asch. In those early studies, the subjects were shown two cards.

On the first was a vertical line. On the second were three lines, one of them the same length

with that on the first card. Then the subjects were asked to say which two lines were 【M4】______

like, something that most 5-year-olds could answer correctly. But Dr. Asch added a twist. 【M5】______

Seven other people, in cahoots with the researchers, also examined the lines and gave

their answers before the subjects did. And sometimes these confederates unconsciously 【M6】______

gave the wrong answer. Dr. Asch was astonished at what happened next.. After thinking 【M7】______

hard, three out of four subjects agreed with the incorrect answers given by the confederates 【M8】______

at least once. And one in four conformed 50 percent of the time. Dr. Asch, who died

in 1996, always wondered about the findings. Did the people who gave in to group do so

knowing that their answers was right？ Or did the social pressure actually change their

perceptions？ The researchers found that social conformity showed up in the brain like 【M9】______

activity in regions that are entirely devoted to perception. But independence of judgment

m standing up for one' s beliefs M showed up as activity in brain areas involved in emotion,

the study found, suggesting that there be a cost for going against the group. 【M10】______

【M1】

ad projector hums，and you cannot concentrate on the slides. You stop absorbing information and become absent-minded. The professor lost you a long time ago. You are bored.

Virtually everyone gets bored once in a while. Most of us chalk it up to a dull environment. “The most common way to define boredom in Western culture is‘having nothing to do. ’”says psychologist Stephen Vodanovich of the University of West Florida. And indeed，early research into the effects of boredom focused on people forced to perform. dull tasks，such as working a factory assembly line.

But boredom is not merely an natural property of the circumstances，researchers say. Rather this perception is subjective and rooted in aspects of consciousness. Levels of boredom vary among people：some individuals are far less liable to boredom than others-and some，such as extroverts(性格外向者)，are more likely to have this feeling.

Thus，a new generation of scientists is coping with the psychological interpretations of this most tedious of human emotions-and they have found that it is more complicated than is commonly known. Researchers say that boredom is not a unified concept but rather comes in several flavors. Level of attention，an aspect of conscious awareness，plays an important role in boredom，such that improving a person's ability to focus may therefore decrease boredom. Emotional factors can also contribute to boredom. People who are poor in understanding their own feelings and those who become sucked in and distracted by their moods are more easily bored，for example.

Staying away from tedium is not easy. People who are liable to boredom are more likely to suffer from ills such as depression and drug addiction；they also tend to be socially awkward and poor performers at school or work.

The purpose of the first paragraph is to______.

A．illustrate why people are less able to focus

B．show how boring a lecture in a dark room is

C．tell people how fatigue affects concentration

D．describe a situation where people can get bored

interesting experiment, as Alexander Polyakov said when he accepted this year’s award in March. And it is far from the only one of its type. As a News Feature article in Nature discusses, a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years. Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Internet entrepreneurs. These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science. What’s not to like？ Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists quoted in the News Feature. You cannot buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels, The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them, say scientists. They could distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research. They could cement the status quo of peer-reviewed research. They do not fund peer-reviewed research. They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius. The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism. Some want to shock, others to draw people into science, or to better reward those who have made their careers in research. As Nature has pointed out before, there are some legitimate concerns about how science prizes—both new and old—are distributed. The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, launched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences include. But the Nobel Foundation’s limit of three recipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modern research—as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson. The Nobels were, of course, themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he wanted to do with his own money. Time, rather than intention, has given them legitimacy. As much as some scientists may complain about the new awards, two things seem clear. First, most researchers would accept such a prize if they were offered one. Second, it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere, It is fair to criticize and question the mechanism—that is the culture of research, after all—but it is the prize-givers’ money to do with as they please. It is wise to take such gifts with gratitude and grace. The Fundamental Physics Prize is seen as

A.a symbol of the entrepreneurs’ wealth.

B.a possible replacement of the Nobel Prizes.

C.an example of bankers’ investments.

D.a handsome reward for researchers.

More than one in ten people who are regularly exposed to organophosphate pesticides(有机磷酸脂农药) will suffer unrecoverable physical and mental damage, a team of psychiatrists warns. The investigators say that theirs is the first serious attempt to estimate the number of people suffering because of chronic low-level exposure to the pesticides.

"This is a worrying high level of illness," says one researcher. The findings by the researcher, who also treats many of the victims, conflict with those of the Britain's government agency monitoring occupational health, which says there is no good evidence to suggest chronic exposure leads to widespread illness. The research team sent questionnaires to 400 farmers selected at random from a phone book. Of 179 who replied, 130 reported that they had been exposed to organophosphates. And 21 farmers complained of enough symptoms to be classed as suffering from organophosphate poisoning. Allowing for bias inherent in the survey method, they suggest that around 10 percent of farmers exposed to the pesticides suffer from poisoning.

The researchers also uncovered a consistent pattern of symptoms ranging from extreme tiredness and speech difficulty to suicidal impulses. Again this contrasts with the government agency's view that there is no clear pattern of symptoms for pesticide poisoning, making a diagnosis difficult.

They believe the real figure for poisoning is much higher, once you include cancers and heart disease linked to the pesticide. Last year, British specialists also found evidence of a link between organophosphates and severe bone abnormalities in eight men. One of the researchers, Anthony Lyons of Queen's Medical centre in Nottingham, says preliminary results from a larger follow-up study suggest the extent of bone damage may be worse than they feared.

All those who suffer from organophosphate poisoning complain of becoming "exquisitely sensitive" to any further exposure. This is bad news for any Gulf War veterans sent back to the Middle East. Many scientists and doctors are convinced that Gulf War Syndrome is at least partly caused by organophosphate pesticides, which were sprayed in tents and on clothes to protect troops from biting insects.

A spokesman for Britain's Ministry of Defense says there are no immediate plans to send ground troops to the Gulf. But the US is moving 5,000 troops into the region. Returning troops "would be more vulnerable to poisoning", says one of the leading US authorities on such poisoning.

In which area do the findings of the researchers have confliction with those Britain's Health and Safety Executive(HSE), the government agency monitoring occupational health？ ______.

A．Whether exposure to organophosphate will do any harm to man

B．Whether chronic exposure to organophosphate would lead to widespread illness

C．Whether it is worthwhile to find out the number of people suffering from organophosphate poisoning

D．Whether organophosphate is a good pesticide

test this theory, psychologists are trying to find a link between the brain and the immune system.

The immune system in our bodies fights the bacteria and viruses which cause disease. There- fore, whether or not we are likely to get various diseases depends on how well our immune system works. Biologists used to think that the immune system was a separate, independent part of our bodies. Recently, however, they have found that our brain can affect our immune system. This discovery indicates that there may be a connection between emotional factors, such as stress or depression, and illness.

Although many doctors in the past suspected a connection between emotional factor and disease, they had no proof. Scientists have only recently discovered how the brain and the immune sys- tem function. Before this, no one could see a link between them. As a result, medical science never seriously considered the idea that psychological factors could cause disease.

Several recent studies showed a connection between stress and illness, for example, researchers went to an American military school to study the students. They found that the sick students there had a lot of academic pressure and wanted to achieve, but they were not very good students. In a similar study, researchers studied a group of student nurses and found that the nurses who developed cold sores were the ones who described themselves as generally unhappy people.

In addition to these results, which support their theory, researchers are also looking for proof that stress can damage the immune system. Researchers studied recently bereaved people, i. e. , people whose loved ones have just died, because they are more likely to become ill or die. By examining the immune system of recently bereaved people, the researchers made an important discovery. They examined some white blood cells which are an important part of the immune system. They were not functioning properly. The fact that they were not working correctly indicates that severe psycho- logical stress, such as a loved one's death, may damage an important part of our immune system.

There is still no positive proof of a connection between the immune system and psychological factors. Researchers also say that the results of the studies on bereaved people could have a different explanation. For example, bereaved people often sleep and eat less than normal, or may drink alcohol or take medication. These factors can also affect the immune system. More research is needed to clearly establish the connection between the immune system and psychological factors.

The study on the military school students indicated that ______.

A．life in the school was very stressful

B．disease could be caused by psychological factors

C．the good students were likely to fall ill

D．stress often made students unhappy

l(鸡尾酒)party , say , that they are “in computers,” or “in electronic funds transfer”. the implication is that they are part of the high-tech world, Just between us, they usually aren’t. The researchers who made fundamental breakthroughs in those areas are in high-tech business. The rest of us are__(71)__of their work. We use computers and other new technology components to develop our products or to organize our affairs. Because we go about this work in teams and projects and other tightly knit working groups(紧密联系在一起的工作小组),we are mostly in the human communication business. Our successes stem from good human interactions by all participants in the effort, and our failures stem from poor human interactions. The main reason we tend to focus on the __(72)__rather than the human side of the work is not because it’s more__(73)__, but because it’s easier to do .Getting the new disk drive installed is positively trivial compared to figuring out why Horace is in a blue funk(恐惧)or why Susan is dissatisfied with the company after only a few months. Human interactions are complicated and never very crisp(干脆的，干净利落的)and clean in their effects, but they matter more than any other aspect of the work. If you find yourself concentrating on the __(74)__rather than the __(75)__,you’re like the vaudeville character(杂耍人物) who loses his keys on a dark street and looks for them on the adjacent street because, as he explains, “The light is better there!”. (71)

A.creators

B.innovators

C.appliers

D.inventors

de at school while the sun shines outside. Then, as soon as the weekend comes, the sky turns gray. There's rain in the forecast.

In some ways, you may be right. Weekend weather differs from weekday weather in certain places, say researchers who studied more than 40 years of weather data from around the world. They focused on temperature differences between daytime highs and nighttime lows. This difference measurement is called the daily temperature range, or DTR.

Part of the study involved 660 weather stations in the continental United States. At more than 230 of these sites, the average DTR for Saturday, Sunday, and Monday was different from the average DTR for Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday, the researchers found. The difference was small only several tenths of a Celsius degree-but the pattern was striking enough to make the scientists take notice.

In the southwestern U. S., temperature ranges were typically broader on weekends. In the Midwest, weekdays saw larger daily temperature variations.

This sort of weekly rise and fall doesn't line up with any natural cycles, the researchers say. Instead, they blame human activities, possibly air pollution from those activities, for these weather effects. For example, tiny particles in the air could affect the amount of cloud cover, which would in turn affect daily temperatures.

So, tiny windborne particles from California, generated on weekdays, might first affect weather close to home in the southwest, then later influence midwestern weather.

It looks like your weekend weather has a lot to do with which way the wind blows and where it comes from.

It can be concluded that ______.

A．the sky always turns gray only on weekends.

B．in the Midwest, weekdays saw larger daily temperature variations sometimes.

C．this difference measurement is called DTR, meaning the daytime temperature range.

D．part of the study involved 660 weather stations only in the United Nation.

A few years ago a young mother watched her husband diaper(给...换尿布) their firstborn son. "You don't have to be so unhappy about it," she protested. "You can talk to him and smile a little." The father, who happened to be a psychologist, answered firmly, "He has nothing to say to me, and I have nothing to say to him."

Psychologists now know how wrong that father was. From the moment of birth, a baby has a great deal to say to his parents and they to him. But a decade or so ago, these experts were describing the newborn as a primitive creature who reacted only by reflex, a helpless victim of its environment without capacity to influence it. And mothers accepted the truth. Most thought(and some still do) that a new infant could see only blurry shadows, that his other senses were undeveloped, and that all he required was nourishment, clean diapers, and a warm bassinet.

Today university laboratories across the country are studying newborns in their first month of life. As a result, psychologists now describe the new baby as perceptive, with remarkable learning abilities and an even more remarkable capacity to shape his or her environment—including the attitudes and actions of his parents. Some researchers believe that the neonatal period may even be the most significant four weeks in an entire lifetime.

Far from being helpless, the newborn knows what he likes and rejects what he doesn't. He shuts out unpleasant sensations by closing his eyes or averting his face. He is a glutton for novelty. He prefers animate things over inanimate and likes people more than anything.

When a mere nine minutes old, an infant prefers a human face to a head-shaped outline. He makes the choice despite the fact that, with delivery-room attendants masked and gowned, he has never seen a human face before. By the time he's twelve hours old, his entire body moves in precise synchrony to the sound of a human voice, as if he were dancing. A non-human sound, such as a tapping noise, brings no such response.

The author points out that the father diapering his firstborn son was wrong because ______.

A．he thought the baby didn't have the power of speech

B．he believed the baby was not able to hear him

C．he was a psychologist unworthy of his profession

D．he thought the baby was not capable of any response