A researcher is testing the hypothesis that a population mean is equal to zero. From a s

l attitude, while others claim it’s being wealthy. But according to one researcher, the answer may in fact lie in what we’re wearing. Professor Karen Pine from the University of Hertfordshire said that specific clothing—including even superhero T-shirts—can make people more confident in all sorts of situations. The research is outlined in her new book Mind What You Wear. In the book she claims clothing affects a person's mental processes and perceptions. Putting on different clothes creates different thoughts and mental processes. “My book aims to make people more aware of this, to understand how their clothes can change their mood and their thoughts.” In the study, she gathered a group of students and asked some to wear a superman T-shirt. She wanted to know if heroic clothing would change how students thought. Surprisingly, she found that not only did it make them more confident, but it also made them actually think they were physically stronger. "When wearing a Superman T-shirt the students rated themselves as more likable and superior to other students," she explained. "When asked to estimate how much they could physically lift, those in a Superman T-shirt thought they were stronger than students in a plain T-shirt, or in their own clothing." It wasn’t just superhero clothing that affected a person's state of mind, though. In another test, women were asked to do a maths test in a swimsuit or wearing a sweater, with the latter group performing better. Wearing a white coat, meanwhile, was found to improve a person's mental agility. And in the book she claims when women are stressed, they neglect 90 percent of their wardrobe, choosing to dress up only to feel confident. In addition to scientific research, Professor Pine said she also has "tips on how to feel happier and more confident with the right clothes, explaining not only that we are what we wear, but that we become what we wear.

(1)According to Professor Karen Pine, specific clothing can make people more confident only in some situations.

(2)According to Professor Karen Pine, putting on different clothes creates different thoughts and mental processes.

(3)Professor Karen Pine’s new book Mind What You Wear aims to make people stronger.

(4)In Professor Karen Pine’s study, she found that when wearing a Superman T-shirt the students rated themselves as more likable and superior to other students.

(5)In another test, women were asked to do a maths test in a swimsuit or wearing a sweater, the group wearing sweaters performing better.

(1) Reading award-winning literature may boost your ability to read other people, a new study suggests. Researchers at the New School for Social Research, in New York City, found that when they had volunteers read works of acclaimed “literary fiction”, it seemed to temporarily improve their ability to interpret other people’s emotions. The same was not true of nonfiction or “popular” fiction, the mystery, romance and science-fiction books that often dominate bestseller lists. (2) Experts said the findings, reported online in Science, suggest that literature might help people to be more perceptive and engaged in their lives. (3) “Reading literary fiction isn’t just for passing the time. It’s not just an escape,” said Keith Oatley, a professor emeritus of cognitive psychology at the University of Toronto. “It also enables us to better understand others, and then take that into our daily live.” (4) Oatley was not involved in the new research, but worked on some of the first studies to suggest that reading literature can boost people’s empathy for others. His team has found that those who read a lot of fiction tend to show greater empathy for others. His teams has found that those who read a lot of fiction tend to show greater empathy on standard tests, but the same is not true of avid nonfiction fans. (5) But, the study by Oatley and his team cannot prove that literature boosts empathy – empathetic folks may just be drawn to reading fiction, whereas the new study does offer some “cause-and-effect” evidence, Oatley said. For the study, researchers set up a series of five experiments in which participants read either literary fiction, popular fiction, nonfiction or nothing at all before taking some standard tests. One of the tests is known as “Reading the Mind in the Eyes”. People have to look at photos of actors’ eyes, and then guess what emotion is being expressed in each. The test is considered a measure of empathy. Overall, study participants fared better on the test after reading literary fiction, versus the other three conditions. (6) It was a small improvement, according to the principal researcher David Comer Kidd, “It’s not alike taking people from a (grade) ‘C’ to an ‘A’,” he said. But Kidd added, the effect was seen after only about 10 minutes’ reading, and it was a statistically strong finding, meaning it’s unlikely to have been due to chance. (7) “Literary” fiction has no hard-and-fast definition. So Kidd and his colleagues chose contemporary works that have won or been finalists for outstanding literary awards. They included “The Round House”, by Louise Erdrich, “Salvage the Bones”, by Jesmyn Ward and the short story “Corrie” by Alice Munro. And “popular” fiction included best-sellers like “Gone Girl” by Gillian Flynn, and Danielle Stelle’s “The Sins of the Mother”. (8) What’s so special about literary fiction？ “For one, it’s usually more focused on characters than on plot,” Kidd noted. But beyond that, he said there is usually no single “authoritative narrator” who takes us through the story. “It demands that the reader almost become a writer and fill in the gaps. You really have to think about the characters,” Kidd said. (9) Oatley agreed. “Alice Munro doesn’t tell you what to think,” he said. “You, yourself, have to make inferences about characters. And that’s often what we’re doing in our real-life conversations.” Or at least that’s what people could do. (10) Reading literary fiction could also offer a way to “practice” your social skills and use them more in real life, according to another researcher not involved in the study. “It’s like how pilots train in a flight simulator,” said Raymond Mar, an associate professor of psychology at York University, in Toronto, who has collaborated with Oatley. “This is a great study,” Mar said of the new study. But he added that the overall research in this area is “still in its infancy” and one key question is whether literary fiction really is better than other fiction. (11) Mar and his colleagues recently found that fans of romance novels tended to do best on tests of empathy. Unlike the current study, Mar’s study did not test people after having them read different types of fiction. So it’s possible that there is something else about romance-novel reader that makes them more understanding of others. (12) Still, according to Mar, it’s too early to tell people to trade in their Danielle Steel for Alice Munro, at least if the goal is boosting empathy. (13) It’s also possible that plays, movies or even TV shows could build your empathy muscles, according to Kidd. But reading may be special, he said, because it provides no visuals and you have to engage your imagination more. (14) Everyone agreed that the findings suggest literature is important beyond entertainment or improving vocabulary. “There’s a common belief that reading literature is frivolous, or not practical,” Mar said. “But there is a growing body of evidence that it’s important in skills that we need in our lives.” According to the new study, what kind of books are likely to help people better understand others’ feelings？

A、Science fiction.

B、Romance novels

C、Literary fiction

D、Nonfiction.

A.persuasive

B.instructive

C.qualitative

D.inclusive

A. independent

B. conscientious

C. conscious

D. industrious

A.skimming

B. scanning

C. inferring

D. induction

What does the author conclude about preparing suitable questions for a research project？

A．It is more difficult than the student researcher may realize.

B．The researcher should get help from other people.

C．The questions should be brief so that they will he understood

D．It is important to follow formulas closely.

r professional field.()

A.that

B.to that

C.which

D.to which

better pay. A study of 4,000 young men and women found that beauty boosted pay checks more than intelligence. Those judged to be the more attractive earned up to 10 percent more than their less attractive friends and colleagues. Applied to the average salary of ￡ 25,000 a year, the “ plainness penalty(处罚)”would make a difference of ￡2,500 a year —— or around ￡50 a week.

It is unclear what is behind the phenomenon but it may be that beauty creates confidence. The self-confident may appear to be doing better than they are and will not hesitate about asking for a pay rise.

Researcher Jason Fletcher, of Yale University in the U.S., rated the attractiveness of the 4,000 men and women. Just over half were judged average, while 7 percent were felt to be very attractive and 8 percent were judged unattractive or very unattractive. The volunteers also sat an IQ test and reported their salary. It became clear that pay scales were far from fair. For instance, a 14- point increase on the IQ score was associated with a 3 to 6 percent increase in wage. But being of above-average looks increased pay by 5 to 10 percent .

For a plain person to be paid the same as a very attractive one , they would have to be 40 percent brighter, the journal Economics Letters reports.

Dr Fletcher said:“The results do show that people ’s looks have an impact on their wages and it can be very important.”

6.What is the “plainness penalty ”？

A.To be paid less for being ordinarily-looking

B.To be laughed at for being ordinarily-looking

C.To be fired for being ordinarily-looking

D.To be questioned for being ordinarily-looking

How many people were rated as very attractive in Jason Fletcher ’s study？A.About 280

B.About 4,000

C.About 2,000

D.About 320

What ’s the average annual salary of a good-looking person？A.￡2,500

B.￡25,000

C.￡22,500

D.￡27,500

Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the passage ？A.IQ is less important than appearance

B.Confidence makes people prettier

C.Good looks earn an extra penny

D.How Plain Janes get a higher salary

Good-looking people are usually paid more probably because________ .A.they look smarter

B.they have higher degrees

C.they are better at pleasing others

D.they are more confident

请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析，谢谢！

A.raised, uneducated

B.raised, educated

C.raising, educated

D.raising, uneducated