题目
第3题
A. Emerson
B. Jack London
C. Theodore Dreiser
D. Darwin
第4题
第6题
A. Emerson
B. Jack London
C. Theodore Dreiser
D. Darwin
第7题
A.Freud
B.Darwin
C.W.
D. Howells
E.Emerson
第8题
第9题
In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that " social epidemics" are driven in large part by the actions of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influential, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well-connected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn't explain how ideas actually spread.
The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible-sounding but largely untested theory called the "two-step flow of communication" : Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those select people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends.
In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don't seem to be required at all.
The researchers' argument stems from a simple observation about social influence: With the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey—whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence—even the most influential members of a population simply don' t interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics, by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example, the cascade of change won't propagate very far or affect many people.
Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of social influence by conducting thousands of computer simulations of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people's ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. They found that the principal requirement for what is called "global cascades"—the widespread propagation of influence through networks—is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people.
By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to ().
A.analyze the consequences of social epidemics.
B.discuss influentials' function in spreading ideas.
C.exemplify people' s intuitive response to social epidemics.
D.describe the essential characteristics of influentials.
第10题
1.()are senior citizens.
A、People of 65 years old
B、People over 65 years of age
C、People between 60 and 65 years old
D、 Retired people
2.Many senior citizens().
A、are enjoyable
B、live together with their families
C、feel unproductive, lonely and unsafe
D、feel safe in big cities
3.Other senior citizens().
A、 feel free to do things
B、think it possible to enjoy hobbies and sports and travel
C、associate with their fellow senior citizens who have common interests and equal free time :
D、AII of the above
4.Senior citizens are gaining social influence because()
A、the number of senior citizens is growing and because senior citizens are more active
B、senior citizens have experience
C、their average life span is longer
D、they do more work now
5.Implied but not stated:().
A、Most of American senior citizens have lived a lonely and unhappy life
B、They have played an important part in society
C、Like young people, senior citizens can still enjoy everything they like
D、Their average lifespan is becoming longer and longer
第11题
Newspapers have one basic purpose – to get news as quickly as possible from their source, from those who make it to those who want to know it. Radio, television, and other inventions brought competition for newspapers, so did the development of magazines and other means of communication. However, this competition merely stimulated the newspapers to quickly make use of the newer and faster means of communication to improve the speed of their own operations. Today more newspapers are printed and read than ever before. Competition also led newspapers to branch out into many other fields. Besides keeping readers informed of the latest news, today’s newspapers educate and influence readers about politics and other important and serious matters.
Newspapers influence readers’ economic choices through advertising. Most depend on advertising for their very existence. Newspapers are sold at a price that fails to cover even a small part of the production cost. The main source of income for most newspapers is advertising. The success in selling advertising depends on a newspaper’s value to advertisers. This is measured in terms of circulation (发行量): How many people read the newspaper? Circulation depends, to some extent, on the work of the circulation department and on the services or entertainment offered in a newspaper’s pages. But for the most part, circulation depends on a newspaper’s value to readers as a source of information about the community, city, country, state, nation, and world – and even outer space.
45.According to the passage, the basic purpose of newspapers is to ________.
A.cover the cost of production
B.inform. readers of the latest news
C.influence readers’ economic choices
D.educate readers about important matters
46.What does the author try to tell us in the first paragraph?()
A.Important events take place every day
B.Newspapers should give details to the public
C.Newspapers tell us what happens in the world
D.Reporters should go to the spot to collect news
47.Which of the following is a consequence of competition for newspapers?()
A.Newspapers serve other purposes than reporting news
B.Newspapers are read by less people than ever before
C.Newspapers have to have entertainment pages
D.Newspapers have to sell at a very low price
48.The most important factor in selling newspapers successfully is to ________.
A.improve the work of the circulation department
B.provide attractive and special services to readers
C.offer more interesting and entertaining information
D.provide valuable information to attract more readers
49.What can we learn about advertising in newspapers?()
A.Advertising adds a lot of value to newspapers
B.Newspapers would not exist without advertising
C.Newspapers depend on advertising to keep going
D.Advertising makes newspapers sell at a good price
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