（）measures knowledge or skill of individual language items It is testing of one element at a time, item by item.

A.franchise

B.non-tariff barrier

C.expertise

D.return

. Statistics had a mother who was dedicated to keeping orderly records of governmental units (state and statistics come from the same Latin root, status) and a gentlemanly gambling father who relied on mathematics to increase his skill at playing the odds in games of chance. The influence of the mother on the offspring, statistics, is represented by counting, measuring, describing, tabulating, ordering, and the taking of censuses—all of which led to modem descriptive statistics. From the influence of the father came modem inferentical statistics, which is based squarely on theories of probability.

Descriptive statistics involves tabulating, depicting, and describing collections of data. These data may be either quantitative, such as measures of height, intelligence, or grade level—variables that are characterized by an underlying continuum or the data may represent qualitative variable, such as sex, college major, or personality type.

Large masses of data must generally undergo a process of summarization or reduction before they are comprehensible. Descriptive statistics is tool for describing or summarizing or reducing to comprehensible form. the properties of an otherwise unwieldy mass of data.

Inferential statistics is a formalized body of methods for solving another class of problems that present great difficulties for the unaided human mind. This general class of problems characteristically involves attempts to make predictions using a sample of observations. For example, a school superintendent wishes to determine the proportion of children in a large school system who come to school without breakfast, have been vaccinated for flu, or whatever. Having a little knowledge of statistics, the superintendent would know that it is unnecessary and inefficient to question each child; the proportion for the entire district could be estimated fairly accurately from a sample of as few as 100 children. Thus, the purpose of inferential statistics is to predict or estimate characteristics of a population from knowledge of the characteristics of only a sample of the population.

Which of the following are counting and describing associated with？

A．Descriptive statistics

B．Unknown variables

C．Qualitative changes

D．Inferential statistics

An expert is _____ who has knowledge, skill or training.

A.that

B.one

C.which

D.such

A.how to assess students skill levels

B.how to respond to individual student's needs

C.how to deal with students who misbehave

D.how to run an orderly classroom

A.odds

B.odd

C.common

D.average

A.Confidence

B.Skill

C.Knowledge

D.Outline

A.Speed

B.Excessive knowledge or skill

C.Human error

D.Excitement

A. language knowledge

B. fluency

C. language skill

D. language competence