Many doctors are now trained in techniques to lessen tension and stress. Here health pro

ertain factors in our day-to-day lives: with stress, with smoking, with poor nutrition (营养), and with a (51) of exercise. Doctors and other health experts have been (52) the fact that we can often reduce the (53) of heart disease by paying more attention to these factors.

More and more people are realizing that there is a (54) between heart disease and the way they live. As a result of this new (55) , attitudes toward health are changing:In the past, people tend to think that it was sufficient for good health to have a good doctor who could be (56) on to know exactly what to do when they became ill. (57) they are realizing that merely receiving the best treatment (58) illness or injury "is not enough. They are learning that they must (59) more responsibility for their own health. Today many people are changing their dietary (60) and eating food with less fat and cholesterol(胆固醇). Many are paying more attention to reducing (61) in their lives. The number of smokers in the United States is now far below the level of twenty years ago because many people succeed in breaking the habit and as fewer people (62) it up. More and more are aware of the (63) of regular exercise like walking, running, or swimming, some have begun to walk or ride bicycles to work instead of made. Millions have become members of health clubs and have made health clubs one of the fastest growing businesses in the United States today. And now the (64) effects of these changing attitudes and behaviors are beginning to appear: a(n) (65) decrease in deaths from heart disease.

(51)

A．shortage

B．failure

C．plenty

D．lack

Section A（2016年6月英语四级卷三真题及答案）

Signs barring cell-phone use are a familiar sight to anyone who has ever sat in a hospital waiting room. But the__growing___(27)popularity of electronic medical records has forced hospital-based doctors to become_dependent____(28)on computers throughout the day, and desktops-which keep doctors from besides-are__fast___(29)giving way to wireless devices.

As clerical loads increased, "something had to_give____(30), and that was always face time with patients," says Dr.Bhakti Patel, a former chief resident in the University of Chicago's internal-medicine program. In fall 2010, she helped_launch____(31)a pilot project in Chicago to see if the iPad could improve working conditions and patient care. The experiment was so___successful__(32)that all internal-medicine program adopted the same_policy____(33)in 2011. Medical schools at Yale and Stanford now have paperless, iPad-based curriculums. "You'll want an iPad just so you can wear this" is the slogan for one of the new lab coats__designed___(34)with large pockets to accommodate tablet computers.

A study of the University of Chicago iPad project found that patients got tests and___tratement__(35)faster if they were cared for by iPad-equipped residents. Many patients also__gained___(36)a better understanding of the illnesses that landed them in the hospital in the first place.

A.dependent

B.designed

C.fast

D.flying

E.gained

F.give

G.growing

H.launch

I.policy

J.prospect

K.rather

L.reliable

M.signal

N.successful

O.treatments

Calista Flockhart, star of Fox’s hit TV show Ally McBeal, is so thin. And we in the media are falling all over ourselves trying to figure out whether Flockhart has an eating disorder, especially now that she has denied it. Well, I’m not playing the game. If the entertainment industry really cared about sending the wrong message on body image, it wouldn’t need so many slender celebrities in the first place.

But the fact remains that 2 million Americans—most of them women and girls—do suffer from eating disorders. In the most extreme cases they literally starve themselves to death. And those who survive are at greater risk of developing brittle bones, life-threatening infections, kidney damage and heart problems. Fortunately, doctors have learned a lot over the past decade about what causes eating disorders and how to treat them.

The numbers are shocking. Approximately 1 in 150 teenage girls in the U. S. falls victim to anorexia nervosa, broadly defined as the refusal to eat enough to maintain even a minimal body weight. Not so clear is how many more suffer from bulimia, in which they binge on food, eating perhaps two or three days’ worth of meals in 30 minutes, then remove the excess by taking medicine to move the bowels or inducing vomiting. Nor does age necessarily protect you. Anorexia has been diagnosed in girls as young as eight. Most deaths from the condition occur in women over 45.

Doctors used to think eating disorders were purely psychological. Now they realize there’s some problematic biology as well. In a study published in the Archives of General Psychiatry recently, researchers found abnormal levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter in the brain, in women who had been free of bulimia for at least a year. That may help explain why drugs have allowed a lot of people to stop swallowing in large doses of food. Unfortunately, the pills don’t work as well for denial of food. Nor do they offer a simple one-stop cure. Health-care workers must re-educate their patients in how to eat and think about food.

How can you tell if someone you love has an eating disorder？ “Bulimics will often leave evidence around as if they want to get caught.” Says Tamara Pryor, director of an eating-disorders clinic at the University of Kansas in Wichita. Anorexics, by contrast, are more likely to go through long periods of denial.

第36题：We can infer from the first paragraph that _____.

［A］ the media has mislead the public’s view of celebrities

［B］ there is much misunderstanding about eating disorders

［C］ body image concerns are an indication of eating disorders

［D］ the entertainment industry is combating eating disorders

Many doctors ___ upon a diet which contains a lot of fat.

A.frown

B.crown

C.drown

D.brown

t a lot of us get by just fine on less, and some of us actually sleep too much. A study out of the University of Buffalo reported that people who routinely sleep more than eight hours a day and are still tired are nearly three times as likely to dir of stroke---probably as a result of an underlying disorder that keeps them from sleeping soundly.

Doctors have their own special sleep problems. Residents are famously short of sleep. It is not unusual for them to work 40 hours in a row without rest. They are not in the least worried about it, confident they can still deliver the highest quality of medical care. But an article in the Journal of the American Medical Association points out that in the morning after 24 hours of sleeplessness, a person‟s motor performance is comparable to that of someone who is drunk. Curiously, surgeons who believe that operating under the influence of alcohol is grounds for sacking often don‟t think twice about operating without enough sleep.

“ I could tell you horror stories, ” says Jaya Agrawal, president of the American Medical Student Association, which runs a website for residents. Some are terrifying. “I was operating after being up for over 36 hours, “ one writes. “ I literally fell asleep standing up and nearly planted my face into the wound.”

“ Practically every surgical resident I know has fallen asleep at the wheel driving home from work,” writes another. “I know of three who have hit parked cars. Another hit a „ Jersey gate‟ on the New Jersey Expressway, going 105km/h.”

“Your own patients have become the enemy,” writes a third, because they are “the one thing that stands between you and a few hours of sleep.”

The U.S. controls the hours of pilots and truck drivers. But until such a system is in place for doctors, patients are on their own. If you‟re worried about the people treating you or a loved one, you should feel free to ask how many hours of sleep they have had and if more rested staffers are available.

1.Sleep is a funny thing because ____________.

A. the longer one sleeps, the less sound sleep he gets

B. the more sleep one gets, the more likely a stroke occurs

C. many people stick to about eight hours of sleep to stay fine

D. many people who sleep six hours a night still feel energetic in the day

2.A surgeon who has worked 40 hours in a row without sleep ___________.

A. can still provide quality medical care

B. will remain alert because he is used to it

C. may ignore the potential risk of insufficient sleep

D. should be fired if he continues the medical operation

3.According to one resident, they are short of sleep because ____________.

A. they are too tired to fall asleep

B. they are forbidden to sleep at work

C. they are kept by treating their patients

D. they are too worried about oversleeping

4.They resident who hit a “Jersey gate” on the New Jersey Expressway must have________.

A. fallen asleep

B. drunk too much

C. been driving too long

D. avoided hitting parked cars

5.Patients are now advised to __________.

A. monitor the hours of doctors by themselves

B. make sure that the doctors who treat them have had enough sleep

C. ask for legal control of the hours of doctors

D. allow their doctors to sleep several hours before the operation

A.prescribe

B.describe

C.prescription

D.description

？？？？？？？？D

？Many people thought babies were not able to learn things until they were five or six month sold. But doctors now say babies begin learning on their first day of life. A baby will smile if his or her mother does something the ？baby likes. A baby learns to get the best care by smiling top lease her mother or other care givers. This is when babies learn to connect and “talk” with other people.

？Languages kills are believed to develop best in the first three years when the place is rich with sounds and sights. Scientists say children should hear the speech and language of other people again and again. The first signs of communication(交际) happen during the first few days of life, when a baby learns that crying will bring food and attention.

Research shows that most children recognize the general sounds of their native language by six months of age. By that time, a baby usually begins to make sounds. By the end of their year, most children are able to say a few simple words, although they may not understand the meaning of the words. By 18 months of age, most children can say between eight and ten words. By two years of age, most children are able to make simple sentences. By ages three, four and five, the number of words a child can understand quickly increases. It is at these ages that children begin to understand the rules of language.

When do babies begin to learn according to doctors？？？？？

？？？？A.Right after they are born

B.Not until they are five months old

C.When they are six months old

D.As soon as they are one year old

Babies will smile when .

A.they are wet or hungry

B.they want to get the best care

C.they want to talk to others

D.they learn sounds and words

What do most children begin to do from age three or older？A.Make sounds

B.Make simple sentences

C.Say a few words

D.Understand language rules

What would be the best title for the text？A.The Language of Babies

B.When Do Babies Learn to Talk

C.The Roles of Cry and Smile

D.How Babies Understand Words

请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析，谢谢！

Doctors are now able to curepeople of some diseases which in former time（).

A.had killed them

B.must kill them

C.should kill them

D.would have killed them

take large amounts when you begin to get cold symptoms. ()

r．For Questions 41-45，you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to fill in each numbered box．The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes．Mark your answers Oil the ANSWER SHEET．(10 points) A．So what do we do to be safer？ Many smart people have tackled this question．Peter Pronovost at Johns Hopkins developed a checklist shown to bring hospital-acquiredinfections down to close to zero．There are rules against disturbing nurses while they dispense medications and software that warns doctors when patients’prescriptions will interact badly．There are policies designed to empower nurses to confront doctors if they see something wrong，even if a senior doctor is at fault． B．Here’S one theory．It is a given that American doctors perform. a staggering number oftests and procedures，far more than in other industrialized nations．and far more than we used to．Since 1996，the percentage of doctor visits leading to at least five drugs being prescribed has nearly tripled．and the number of M．R．I．scans quadrupled． C．Doctors make mistakes．They may be mistakes of technique，judgment.ignorance or even，sometimes，recklessness．Regardless of the cause，each time a mistake happens。 a patient may suffer．We fail to uphold our profession’s basic oath：“First．do no harm．” D．Herein lies a stunning irony．Defensive medicine is rooted in the goal of avoiding mistakes．But each additional procedure or test，no matter how cautiously performed，injects a fresh possibility of error．CT and M．R．I．scans can lead to false positives and unnecessary operations，which carry the risk of complications like infections and bleeding．The more medications patients are prescribed．the more likely they are to accidentally overdose or suffer an allergic reaction。 E．According to a l999 report by the Institute of Medicine，as many as 98.000 Americans were dying every year because of medical mistakes．Today，exact figures are hard to come by because states don’t abide by the same reporting guidelines，and few cases gain as much attention as that of Rory Staunton，the l2一year—old boy who died of septic shock this spring after being sent home from a New York hospital．But a reasonable estimate is that medical mistakes now kill around 200，000 Americans every year．That would make them one of the leading causes of death in the United States．Why have these mistakes been so hard to prevent？ F．What may be even more important is remembering the limits of our power．More--more procedures，more testing，more treatment--is not always better．In l979，Stephen Bergman，under the pen name Dr．Samuel Shem，published rules for hospitals in his caustically humorous novel，The House of God．Rule N0．13 reads：“The delivery ofmedical care is to do as much nothing as possible．”First．do no harm． G．Certainly many procedures，tests and prescriptions are based on legitimate need．But many are not．In a recent anonymous survey，oIrthopedic surgeons said 24 percent of the tests they ordered were medically unnecessary．This kind of treatment is a form. of defensive medicine，meant less to protect the patient than to protect the doctor orhospital against potential lawsuits． ___________

ces between four and five times your body weight？ When you are running, this force is increased further still. What happens if through disease a hip-joint ceases to be able to resist such forces？ For many years hip-joints and other body joints have been replaceable either partially or completely. It is after all a simple ball and socket joint; it has certain loads imposed on it; it needs reliability over a defined life; it must contain materials suitable for the working environment. Any engineer will recognize these as characteristic of a typical engineering problem, which doctors and engineers have worked together to solve, in order to bring a fresh lease of life to people who would otherwise be disabled.

This typifies the way in which engineers work to help people and create a better quality of life. The fact that this country has the most efficient agricultural industry in the world is another good example. Mechanical engineers have worked with farmers and biologists to produce fertilizers, machinery and harvesting systems. This team effort has now produced crops uniformly waist high or less so that they are better suited to mechanical harvesting. Similar advances with other crops have released people from hard and boring jobs for more creative work, whilst machines harvest crops more efficiently with less waste. Providing more food for the rapidly increasing population is yet another role for the mechanical engineer.

According to the passage, when would most weight be imposed on hip-joints？

A．When one is walking.

B．When one is running.

C．When one is standing.

D．When one is lying down.