Passage 2When you think about the growth of human population over the last century or so,

What do you think is this passage most probably taken from？

A．A book about the natural beauty of Kansan.

B．A book on geography.

C．A book on the cowboy culture in the western parts of America.

D．A tourist's guide.

What do you think is this passage most probably taken from？

A．A book about the natural beauty of Kansan.

B．A book on geography.

C．A book on the cowboy culture in the western parts of America.

D．A tourist's guide.

There are three sections (部分) in the passage .Which section do you think is about why phonecards are good？

A．Section 1.

B．Section 2.

C．Section 3.

D．Sections 1 and 2.

It can be inferred from the passage that ______.

A．technological advances have a negative impact on the innovativeness of human beings

B．our knowledge has brought about a new understanding of us human beings

C．without true innovations, all that we have achieved are not so useful to human beings

D．people used to think old things better than new ones before the period of 1750 - 1950

lem, but for the timebeing it is in America that it is graver. The only way to solve it is through education. Negroes (黑人．should knowabout the contributions that black individuals and groups have made towards building America. This is of vitalimportance for their self-respect; and it is perhaps even more important for white people to know. For if you believethat a man has no history worth mentioning, it is easy to assume that he has no value as a man. Many people believe that, since the Negros achievements do not appear in the history books, he did not haveany. Most people are taken aback when they learn that.Negroes sailed with Columbus, marched with the Spanishconquerors of South America and fought side by side with white Americans in all their wars. People are astonishedwhen you tell them about Phillis Wheatley, who learned English as a salve in Boston and wrote first-class poetry.They have never heard of Benjamin Banneker, a mathematician and a surveyor, who helped to plan the city ofWashington. There has been a tendency all along to treat the black man as if he were invisible. Little has beenwritten about the 5,000 American Negroes who fought in the Revolution against the British, but they were in everyimportant battle. In the Anglo-American War of 1812, at least one out of every six men in the U.S. Navy was aNegro. In the Civil War, more than 200,000 black troops fought in the Union forces. How, then, did the image of the Negro as a valiant fighting man disappear? To justify the hideous institutionof slavery, slave-holders had to create the myth of the docile, slow-witted Negro, incapable of self-improvement, and even contented with his lot. Nothing could be further from the truth. The slave fought for his freedom at everychance he got, and there were numerous uprisings. Yet the myth of docility persisted. There are several other areas where the truth has been twisted or concealed. Most people have heard of theNegro, Carver, who invented scores of new uses for the lowly peanut. But whoever heard of Norbert Rillieux, whoin 1846 invented a vacuum pan that revolutionized the sugar-refining industry? Or of Elijah McCoy, who in 1872invented the drip cup that feeds oil to the moving parts of heavy machinery? How many people know that Negroesare credited with inventing such different items as ice creams, potato chips, the gas mask and the first traffic light? Not many. As for the winning of the West, the black cowboy and the black frontiersman have been almost ignored, though film producers are becoming more aware of their importance. Yet in the typical trail crew of eight men thatdrove cattle from Texas to Kansas, at least two would have been Negroes. The black troops of the Ninth and TenthCavalry formed one-fifth of all the mounted troops assigned to protect the frontier after the Civil War. "Whatdifference does it make?" you may ask. A lot. The cowboy is the American folk-hero. Youngsters identify withhim instantly. The average cowboy film is really a kind of morality play, with good guys and bad guys and rightfinally triumphing over wrong. You should see the amazement and happiness on black youngsters faces when theylearn that their ancestors really had a part in all that. According to the passage, education on Negroes contributions to America ___________

A.contributes to the blacks confidence of their value

B.proves their achievements in building the country

C.is still a major task for curriculum education

D.will solve all the conflicts between black and white people

Saying they can no longer ignore the rising prices of health care, some of the most influential medical groups in the nation are recommending that doctors weigh the costs, not just the effectiveness of treatment, as they make decisions about patient care.

The shift, little noticed outside the medical establishment but already controversial inside it, suggests that doctors are starting to redefine their roles, from being concerned exclusively about individual patients to exerting influence on how healthcare dollars are spent.

In practical terms, the new guidelines being developed could result in doctors choosing one drug over another for cost reasons or even deciding that a particular treatment-at the end of life, for example-is too expensive. In the extreme, some critics have said that making treatment decisions based on cost is a form. of rationing.

Traditionally, guidelines have heavily influenced the practice of medicine, and the latest ones are expected to make doctors more conscious of the economic consequences of their decisions, even though there's no obligation to follow them. Medical society guidelines are also used by insurance companies to help determine reimbursement(报销)policies.

Some doctors see a potential conflict in trying to be both providers of patient care and financial overseers.

"There should be forces in society who should be concerned about the budget, but they shouldn't be functioning simultaneously as doctors," said Dr. Martin Samuels at a Boston hospital. He said doctors risked losing the trust of patients if they told patients, "I'm not going to do what I think is best for you because I think it's bad for the healthcare budget in Massachusetts."

Doctors can face some grim trade-offs. Studies have shown, for example, that two drugs are about equally effective in treating macular degeneration, an eye disease. But one costs $50 a dose and the other close to $2,000. Medicare could save hundreds of millions of dollars a year if everyone used the cheaper drug. Avastin, instead of the costlier one, Lucentis.

But the Food and Drug Administration has not approved Avastin for use in the eye, and using it rather than the alternative, Lucentis, might carry an additional, although slight, safety risk. Should doctors consider Medicare's budget in deciding what to use?

"I think ethically(在道德层面上)we are just worried about the patient in front of us and not trying to save money for the insurance industry or society as a whole," said Dr. Donald Jensen.

Still, some analysts say that there's a role for doctors to play in cost analysis because not many others are doing so. "In some ways," said Dr. Daniel Sulmasy, "it represents a failure of wider society to take up the issue."

57.What do some most influential medical groups recommend doctors do?

A.Reflect on the responsibilities they are supposed to take.

B.Pay more attention to the effectiveness of their treatments.

C.Take costs into account when making treatment decisions.

D.Readjust their practice in view of the cuts in health care.

58.What were doctors mainly concerned about in the past?

A.Specific medicines to be used.

B.Professional advancement.

C.Effects of medical treatment.

D.Patients' trust.

59.What may the new guidelines being developed lead to?

A.The redefining of doctors' roles.

B.Conflicts between doctors and patients.

C.Overuse of less effective medicines.

D.The prolonging of patients' suffering.

60.What risk do doctors see in their dual role as patient care providers and financial overseers?

A.They may be involved in a conflict of interest.

B.They may be forced to divide their attention.

C.They may have to use less effective drugs.

D.They may lose the respect of patients.

61.What do some experts say about doctors' involvement in medical cost analysis?

A.It may add to doctors' already heavy workloads.

B.It will help to save money for society as a whole.

C.It results from society's failure to tackle the problem.

D.It raises doctors' awareness of their social responsibilities.

ignificant factor in all body languages. This is particularly true of personal space needs. For example, Dr. Edward Hall has shown that in Japan crowding together is a sign of warm and pleasant intimacy. In certain situations, Hall believes that the Japanese prefer crowding.

Donald Keene, who wrote Living Japan, notes the fact that in the Japanese language there is no word for privacy. Still, this does not mean that there is no concept of the need to be apart from others. To the Japanese, privacy exists in terms of his house. He considers this area to be his own, and he dislikes invasion of it. The fact that he crowds together with others does not contradict his need for living space.

Dr. Hall sees this as a reflection of the Japanese concept of space. Westerners, he believed, see space as the distance between objects; to them space is empty. The Japanese, on the other hand, see space as having as much meaning as their flower arrangements and art, and the shape of their gardens as well, where units of space balance the areas containing flowers or plants.

Like the Japanese, the Arabs too prefer to be close to one another. But while in public they are crowded together, in privacy, they prefer a great deal of space. The traditional or wealthy Arab house is large and empty, with family often crowded together in one small area of it. The Arabs do not like to be alone, and even in their spacious. houses they will huddle together.

The difference between the Arab huddling and the Japanese crowding is a deep thing. Tile Arabs like to touch his companion. The Japanese, in their closeness, preserve a formality and a cool dignity. They manage to touch and still keep rigid boundaries. The Arabs push these boundaries aside.

Along with this closeness, there is a pushing and shoving in the Arab world that many Westerners find uncomfortable, even unpleasant. To an American, for example, there are personal boundaries even in a public place. When he is waiting in line, he believes that his place there is his alone, and may not be invaded by another. The Arab has no concept of privacy in the public place, and if he can rush his way into a line, he feels perfectly within his rights to do so. To an American, the body is sacred; he dislikes being touched by a stranger, and will apologize if he touches another accidentally. To an Arab, bodily contact is accepted.

Hall points out that an Arab needs at times to be alone, no matter how close he wishes to be, physically, to his fellow men. To be alone, he simply cuts off the lines of communication. He retreats into himself, mentally and spiritually, and this withdrawal is respected by his companions. If an American were with an Arab who withdrew in this way, he would regard it as impolite, as lack of respect, even as an insult.

What's the main idea of the passage?

A．Arabs and Japanese have different ideas of privacy.

B．Body languages reflect cultural concepts.

C．Cultural differences between the West and the East.

D．People in different cultures have different concepts of space.

Professor Charles R. Schwenk’s research shows ________.

A) the advantages and disadvantages of conflict

B) the real value of conflict

C) the difficulty in determining the optimal level of conflict

D) the complexity of defining the roles of conflict