Material culture refers to the touchable, material "things"—physical objects that can be s

器物文化(material culture)

The main idea of the first paragraph is _____.

［A］ the importance of cultural tools and technology

［B］ the cultural influence of the development of civilization

［C］ the focus of the study of the material culture of music

［D］ the significance of the research into the musical instruments

A．Culture is man’s medium; there is not one aspect of human life that is not touched and altered by culture

B．Culture is the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively．

C．Culture is the deposit of knowledge,beliefs, experience,values, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time,roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe,and material objects and possessions acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving．

D．Culture is the total sum of material and spiritual wealth created by the mankind in the process of the social and hsitorical development, especially, literature,art, science,education, et

C．

A．Culture can be defined as attributes of man, including what distinguishes man from the rest part of the worlD

B．Culture is life way of a populatin, which characterizes the particular way of life of a population．

C．Culture is the deposit of knowledge,experience,beliefs, values and material objects acquired by a group of people

D．Culture is the total sum of material and spiritual wealth created by the mankind in the process of social and historical development．

n be seen, held, felt, used—that a culture produces. Examining a culture’s tools and technology can tell us about the group’s history and way of life. Similarly, research into the material culture of music can help us to understand the music-culture. The most vivid body of “things” in it, of course, are musical instruments. We cannot hear for ourselves the actual sound of any musical performance before the 1870s when the phonograph was invented, so we rely on instruments for important information about music-cultures in the remote past and their development. Here we have two kinds of evidence: instruments well preserved and instruments pictured in art. Through the study of instruments, as well as paintings, written documents, and so on, we can explore the movement of music from the Near East to China over a thousand years ago, or we can outline the spread of Near Eastern influence to Europe that resulted in the development of most of the instruments on the symphony orchestra.

Sheet music or printed music, too, is material culture. Scholars once defined folk music-cultures as those in which people learn and sing music by ear rather than from print, but research shows mutual influence among oral and written sources during the past few centuries in Europe, Britain and America. Printed versions limit variety because they tend to standardize any song, yet they stimulate people to create new and different songs. Besides, the ability to read music notation has a far-reaching effect on musicians and, when it becomes widespread, on the music-culture as a whole.

Music is deep-rooted in the cultural background that fosters it. We now pay more and more attention to traditional or ethnic features in folk music and are willing to preserve the folk music as we do with many traditional cultural heritage. Musicians all over the world are busy with recording classic music in their country for the sake of their unique culture. As always, people’s aspiration will always focus on their individuality rather than universal features that are shared by all cultures alike.

One more important part of music’s material culture should be singled out: the influence of the electronic media—radio, record player, tape recorder, and television, with the future promising talking and singing computers and other developments. This is all part of the “information-revolution”, a twentieth century phenomenon as important as the industrial revolution in the nineteenth. These electronic media are not just limited to modern nations; they have affected music-cultures all over the globe.

第36题：Which of the following does not belong to material culture？

［A］ Instruments.

［B］ Music.

［C］ Paintings.

［D］ Sheet music.

Why is the narrator able to reconstruct her ethical value of small Canadian town？

A.She is able to gain moral superiority over Mr. Purvis

B.She is able to see the life of human being in the perspective of history and culture

C.She is able to forgive the vices in humanity

D.She eventually understands that the meaning of life does not lie in material pursuit

"Culture consists of all shared products of human society" (Robertson, 1981 ). This means not only such material things as cities, organizations and schools, but also non-material things such as ideas, customs, family patterns, languages. Putting it simply, culture refers to the entire way of life of a society, "the ways of a people".

Language is a part of culture and plays a very important role in it. Some social scientists consider it the keystone of culture. Without language, the maintaining of culture would not be possible. On the other hand, language is influenced and shaped by culture, it reflects culture. In the broadest sense, language is the symbolic representation of a people, and it comprises their historical and cultural backgrounds, as well as their approach to life and their ways of living and thinking.

We should not go further into the relationship between language and culture. What needs to be stressed here is that the two interact, and that understanding of one requires understanding of the other.

Social scientists tell us that cultures differ from one another, that each culture is unique. As cultures are diverse, so languages are diverse. It is only natural then that with differences in cultures and differences in languages, difficulties often arise in communicating between cultures and across cultures. Understanding is not always easy.

Learning a foreign language well means more than merely mastering the pronunciation, gram mar, words and idioms. It means learning also to see the world . as native speakers of that language see it, learning the ways in which their language reflects the ideas, customs, and behaviors of their society, learning to understand their "language of the mind". Learning a language, in fact, is inseparable from learning its culture.

According to the first paragraph, the term "culture" refers to ______.

A．things like cities, organizations and schools

B．ideas, customs, family patterns, and languages

C．all things produced by human race

D．the total that constitute a society

Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:

Social change is more likely to occur in societies where there is a mixture of different kinds of people than in societies where people aresimilar in many ways. The simple reason for this is that there are more different ways of looking at things present in the first kind of society. There are more ideas, more disagreements in interest, and more groups and organizations with different beliefs. In addition, there is usually a greater worldly interest and greater tolerance in mixed societies. All these factors tend to promote social change by opening more areas of life to decision. In a society where people are quite similar in many ways, there are fewer occasions for people to see the need or the opportunity for change because everything seems to be the same. And although conditions may not be satisfactory, they are atleast customary and undisputed.

Within a society, social change is also likely to occur more frequently　and more readily in the material aspects of the culture than in the non material, for example, in technology rather than in values; in what has been learned later in life rather than what was learned early; in the less basic and less emotional aspects of society than in their opposites; in the simple elements　rather than in the complex ones; in form. rather than in substance; and in elements that are acceptable to the culture rather than in strange elements.

Furthermore, social change is easier if it is gradual. For example, it　comes more readily in human relations on a continuous scale rather than one with sharp dichotomies (一分为二). This is one reason why change has not come more quickly to Black Americans as compared to other American minorities,　because of the sharp difference in appearance between them and their white counterparts.

36.What kind of society tends to promote social changes？

A) A society where people are similar in many ways.

B) A society where there are only white people.

C) A society where there are only black people.

D) A society where there is a mixture of different kinds of people.

37.In a mixed society, there may be disagreement in ____.

A) ideas C) beliefs

B) interests D) all of the above

38.Which of the following is not true, according to the passage？

A) Social change is more likely to occur in the material aspect of society.

B) Social change is less likely to occur in what people learned when they were old.

C) Disagreement with and argument about conditions tend to promote social change.

D) Social change tends to meet with more difficulty in basic and emotional aspects of society.

39.Social change is less likely to occur in a society where people are quite similar in many ways because ____.

A) people there are easy to please

B) people there are less argumentary

C) people there have got so accustomed to their conditions that they seldom think it necessary to change

D) people there have same needs that can be satisfied without much difficulty

40.The passage is mainly discussing ____.

A) two different societies

B) certain factors that determine the case with which social change oc curs

C) the necessity of social change

D) the significance of social change

__________

[A] German-born British scholar Max Müller concluded that the Rig-Veda of ancient India-the oldest preserved body of literature written in an Indo-European language-reflected the earliest stages of an Indo-European mythology. M ller attributed all later myths to misunderstandings that arose from the picturesque terms in which early peoples described natural phenomena.

[B] The myth and ritual theory, as this approach came to be called, was developed most fully by British scholar Jane Ellen Harrison. Using insight gained from the work of French sociologist Emile Durkheim, Harrison argued that all myths have their origin in collective rituals of a society.

[C] Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud held that myths—like dreams—condense the material of experience and represent it in symbols.

[D] This approach can be seen in the work of British anthropologist Edward Burnett Tylor. In Primitive Culture (1871), Tylor organized the religious and philosophical development of humanity into separate and distinct evolutionary stages.

[E] The studies made in this period were consolidated in the work of German scholar Christian Gottolob Heyne, who was the first scholar to use the Latin term myths (instead of fibula, meaning “fable”) to refer to the tales of heroes and gods.

[F] German scholar Karl Otfried M ller followed this line of inquiry in his Prolegomena to a Scientific Mythology, 1825).