（general)______speaking, table manners vary from culture to culture.

nage conflicts diplomatically.

A: outstanding

B; plain

C; general

There are great impediments to the general use of a standard in

pronunciation comparable to that existing in spelling.

(orthography). One is the fact that pronunciation is learnt

'naturally' and unconsciously, and orthography is learnt 【B1】______

deliberately and consciously. Large numbers of us, in fact,

remain throughout our lives quite unconscious with what 【B2】______

our speech sounds like when we speak out, and it often 【B3】______

comes as a shock when we firstly hear a recording of ourselves. 【B4】______

It is not a voice we recognize at once, whereas our own handwriting

is something which we almost always know. We begin the 'natural' 【B5】______

learning of pronunciation long before we start learning to read or

write, and in our early years we went on unconsciously imitating and 【B6】______

practicing the pronunciation of those around us for many more hours

per every day than we ever have to spend learning even our difficult 【B7】______

English spelling. This is 'natural', therefore, that our speech-sounds 【B8】______

should be those of our immediate circle；after all, as we have seen,

speech operates as a means of holding a community and 【B9】______

giving a sense of 'belonging'. We learn quite early to recognize a

'stranger', someone who speaks with an accent of a different

community — perhaps only a few miles far. 【B10】______

【B1】

erent kinds of English as there are speakers of it.【C2】______two speakers speak in exactly the same【C3】______We can always hear differences【C4】______them, and the pronunciation of English【C5】______a great deal in different geographical【C6】______. How do we decide what sort of English to use as a【C7】______？ This is not a question that can be【C8】______in the same way for all foreign learners of English.【C9】______you live in a part of the world【C10】______India or West Africa, where there is a long【C11】______of speaking English for general communication purposes, you should【C12】______to acquire a good variety of the pronunciation of this area. It would be a【C13】______in these circumstances to use as a model BBC English or【C14】______of the sort. On the other hand, if you live in a country【C15】______there is no traditional use of English, you must take【C16】______your model some form. of【C17】______English pronunciation. It does not【C18】______very much which form. you choose. The most【C19】______way is to take as your model the sort of English you can【C20】______most often.

【C1】

A．meaning

B．sense

C．case

D．situation

e sense there are asmany different kinds of English as there are speakers of it．___22___ two speakers speak in exactly the same way．We can always hear differences ___23___ them，and the pronunciation of Englis hvaries a great deal in different geographical___ 24___．How do we decide what sort of English touse___25___a model？This is not a question that can be____26____ in the same way for all foreign learners of English．When you live in a part of the world like India or West Africa,___27___there is a long ____28____of speaking English ___29___ general communication purposes，you should ___30___ to acquire a good variety of the pronunciation of this area．It would be a fashion in thesecircumstallces to use as a model BBC English or ___31___ of the sort．___32___ the other hand，if you live in a countly ___ 33___there is no traditional use of English，you must take as your model some form. of native English pronunciation．ItDoes not___34___very much which form. you choose .The most____35____ way is to take as your model the sort of English you can hear most often．

A.by

B.for

C.with

D.in

nt kinds of English as there are speakers of it.【21】two speakers speak in exactly the same way. We can always hear differences【22】them, and the pronunciation of English varies a great deal in different geographical【23】. How do we decide what sort of English to use as a model？ This is not a question that can be【24】in the same way for all foreign learners of English. When you live in a part of the world like India or West Africa, where there is a long【25】of speaking English for general communication purposes, you should【26】to acquire a good variety of the pronunciation of this area. It would be a fashion in these circumstances to use as a model BBC English or【27】of the sort. On the other hand, if you live in a country【28】there is no traditional use of English. You must take as your model some form. of native English pronunciation. It does not【29】very much which form. you choose. The most【30】way is to take as your model the sort Of English you can hear most often.

(36)

A．Not

B．No

C．None

D．Nor

What do we mean by a perfect English pronunciation？ In one (11) there are as many different kinds of English as there are speakers of it. No two speakers speak in exactly the same (12) We can always hear different forms between them, and the pronunciation of English (13) a great deal in different geographical areas. How do we decide What sort of English to use as a model？ This is not a question that can be (14) in the same way for all foreign learners of English. (15) you live in a part of the world like India or West Africa, where there is a long tradition of speaking English for general communication purposes, you should (16) to acquire a good variety of the pronunciation of this area. It would be a fashion in these circumstances to use as a model BBC English or anything of the sort. On the other hand, if you live in a country (17) there is no traditional use of English. You must take as your model some form. of (18) English pronunciation. It does not (19) very much which form. you choose. The most (20) way is to take as your model the sort of English you Can hear most often.

A. meaning

B. sense

C. case

D. situation

kinds of English as there are speakers of it.57 two speakers speak in exactly the same 58 We can always hear differences 59 them, and the pronunciation of English 60 a great deal in different geographical 61. How do we decide what sort of English to use as a 62 ？ This is not a question that can be 63in the same way for all foreign learners of English.64you live in a part of the world 65India or West Africa, where there is a long 66 of speaking English for general communication purpose, you should 67 to acquire a good variety of the pronunciation of this area．It would be 68 in these circumstances to use as a model BBC English or 69of the sort. On the other hand, if you live in a country 70 there is no traditional use of English, you must take 71your model some form. of 72English pronunciation. It does not 73very much which form. you choose. The most 74way is to take as your model the sort of English you can 75 most often.

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A.meaning

B.sense

C.case

D.situation

al (1)_____, there is a clear and (2)_____ relationship: no-one would have much difficulty (3)_____ a baby, a young child, a teenager, a middle-aged person, or a very old person from a tape recording. With children, (4)_____ is possible for specialists in language development, and people experienced (5)_____ child care, to make very detailed (6)_____ about how language correlates with age in the early years. (7)_____ is known about the patterns of linguistic change that affect older people. It is plain that our voice quality, vocabulary, and style. alter (8)_____ we grow older, but research (9)_____ the nature of these changes is in its earliest stages. However. a certain amount of (10)_____ is available about the production and (11)_____ of spoken language by very old people, especially regarding the phonetic changes that take place.

Speech is (12)_____ to be affected by reductions in the (13)_____ of the vocal organs. The muscles of the chest (14), the lungs become less elastic, the ribs (15)_____ mobile: as a result, respiratory efficiency at age 75 is only about half (16)_____ at age 30, and this has (17)_____ for the ability to speak loudly, rhythmically, and with good tone In addition, speech is affected by poorer movement of the soft palate and changes in the facial skeleton, especially around the mouth and jaw. There are other, more general signs of age. Speech rate slows, and fluency may be more erratic. Hearing (18)_____, especially after the early fifties. Weakening (19)_____ of memory and attention may affect the ability to comprehend complex speech patterns. But it is (20)_____ all had news: vocabulary awareness may continue to grow, as may stylistic ability—skills in narration, for example. And grammatical ability seems to be little affected.

A．speech

B．terms

C．ways

D．cases

and forms of expression. But there is a vital distinctionbetween good developments, which add to the language, enabling us to say thingswe could not say before, and bad developments, which subtract from the languageby rendering it less precise. A vivacious, colorful use of words is not to beconfused with mere slovenliness. The kind of slovenliness in which someprofessionals deliberately indulge is perhaps akin to the cult(迷信)of the unfinished work, whichhas eroded most of the arts in our time. And the true answer to it is the samethat art is enhanced, not hindered, by discipline. You cannot carvesatisfactorily in butter. The corruption of written English has been accompanied by an evensharper decline in the standard of spoken English. We speak very much less wellthan was common among educated Englishmen a generation or two ago. The modern theatre has played a baneful (有害的)part in dimming ourappreciation of language. Instead of the immensely articulate dialogue of, forexample, Shaw (who was also very insistent on good pronunciation), audiencesare now subjected to streams of barely literate trivia, often designed, onlytoo well, to exhibit lack of communication, and larded(夹杂)with the obscenities(下流的话)and grammaticalerrors of the intellectually impoverished. Emily Post once advised her readers:"The theatre is the best possible place to hear correctly-enunciatedspeech. " Alas, no more. One young actress was recently reported to betaking lessons in how to speak badly, so that she should fit in better. But the BBC is the worst traitor. After years of very successfullyhelping to raise the general standard of spoken English, it suddenly went intoreverse. As the head of the Pronunciation Unit coyly(含蓄地)put it, "In the 1960s theBBC opened the field to a much wider range of speakers." To hear a BBCdisc jockey talking to the latest ape-like pop idol is a truly shockingexperience of verbal squalor. And the prospect seems to be of even worse tocome. School teachers are actively encouraged to ignore little Johnnysincoherent grammar, atrocious spelling and haphazard punctuation, becauseworrying about such things might inhibit his creative genius. The writer relates linguistic slovenliness to tendencies inthe arts today in that they both __________.

A.occasionally aim at a certain fluidity

B.appear to shun perfection

C.from time to time show regard for the finishing touch

D.make use of economical short cuts

e used to thinking of the British Isles as England. (1)_____, the British Isles contain a variety of peoples, and only the people of England call themselves English. The others (2)_____ to themselves as Welsh, Scottish, or Irish, (3)_____ the case may be; they are often slightly annoyed (4)_____ being classified as "English".

Even in England there are many (5)_____ in regional character and speech. The chief (6)_____ is between southern England and northern England. South of a (7)_____ going from Bristol to London, people speak the type of English usually learnt by foreign students, (8)_____ there are local variations.

Further north regional speech is usually " (9)_____ " than that of southern Britain. Northerners are (10)_____ to claim that they work harder than Southerners, and are more (11)_____ They are open-hearted and hospitable; foreigners often find that they make friends with them (12)_____ Northerners generally have hearty (13)_____: the visitor to Lancashire or Yorkshire, for instance, may look forward to receiving generous (14)_____ at meal times.

In accent and character the people of the Midlands (15)_____ a gradual change from the southern to the northern type of Englishman.

In Scotland the sound (16)_____ by the letter "R" is generally a strong sound, and "R" is often pronounced in words in which it would be (17)_____ in southern English. The Scots are said to be a serious, cautious, thrifty people, (18)_____ inventive and somewhat mystical. All the Celtic peoples of Britain (the Welsh, the Irish, the Scots) are frequently (19)_____ as being more "fiery" than the English. They are (20)_____ a race that is quite distinct from the English. (289 words)

Notes: fiery 暴躁的，易怒的。

A．In consequence

B．In brief

C．In general

D．In fact

nerisms, timing and dress can set you apart from the local population, making it difficult to successfully immerse yourself in a new place. Yet with a bit of research and some strategic adjustments, you can easily find ways to blend in, rub shoulders with locals, and become a true piece of the continent you're exploring. Adjust your volume Americans tend to be loud talkers. Maybe it's all our wide-open spaces or our general exuberance; whatever the reason, our volume tends to distinguish us from the locals in many destinations. Turning it down a notch when you speak not only allows you to blend better but also limits the distance at which locals can identify that you're speaking a foreign language. Loud and proud but still yearning to blend in？ Take heart—there are plenty of countries where loud talking is the norm. Find the right country and you can turn it up to 11 without drawing sidelong glances from locals. Read up on the customs Whatever you do, don't point with your index finger in the Philippines. Or give a thumbs-up in Greece. Or touch anyone on the head in Thailand. There's no faster way to call attention to yourself as a clueless foreigner than by stumbling into a cultural faux pas you could have easily avoided by reading up on local customs. Not only can a quick primer on body language, hand gestures and greetings keep you from unwittingly offending those around you, it's also a perfect window into your host culture. Go at the pace of your destination As a long-time fast walker who has spent time in some pretty relaxed destinations, I can attest that moving at a different speed than the population you're surrounded by can make you look not just out of place but downright crazy. As you get a feel for a new place, take time to notice the speed at which life is conducted. You may need to speed up or slow down, but the payoff is big. Because it's only when you're walking, talking and living at the speed of the culture that you can properly appreciate its unique rhythms.

(1)Which of the following is NOT MENTIONED as the factor to distinguish travellers from locals？

A. mannerism

B. dress

C. timing

D. language

(2)According to the writer, American travelers should .

A. speak loudly

B. adjust their volume according to the locals

C. lower their voice

D. speak local accent

(3)Which of the following taboo is NOT MENTIONED？

A. Give a thumbs-up in Greece.

B. Touch anyone on the head in Thailand.

C. Be late for the appointment in Australia.

D. Point with your index finger in the Philippines.

(4)In order to get to know the host culture, travellers should know .

A. body language

B. hand gestures

C. greetings

D. all of the above

(5)What is the tone of the passage？

A. Instructive.

B. Skeptical.

C. Neutral.

D. Approval.