We say that a person has good manners if he or she behaves politely and is kind and he

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A.it" s a tradition

B.the person is possessed of an evil spirit

C.the person is ill

D.God will bless those who sneeze

A．other

B．another

C．the other

D．one more

When we are sad, we want another person to say（).

A、Don’t be slly,itcan' tbe. It's holidays.

B、know you' re unusually down and I understand the reasons why.

le oversimplified. No child imitates every action he sees. Sometimes, the example the parent wants him to follow is ignored while he takes over contrary patterns from some other example. Therefore we must turn to a mom subtle theory than "Monkey see, monkey do".

Look at it from the child's point of view. Here he is in a new situation, lacking a ready response. He is seeking a response which will gain certain ends. If he lacks a ready response for the situation, and cannot reason out what to do, he observes a model who seems able to get the right result. The child looks for an authority or expert who can show what to do.

There is a second element at work in this situation. The child may be able to attain his immediate goal only to find that his method brings criticism from people who observe him. When shouting across the house achieves his immediate end of delivering a message, he is told emphatically that such a racket is unpleasant, that he should walk into the next room and say his say quietly. Thus, the desire to solve any objective situation is overlaid with the desire to solve it properly. One of the early things the child learns is that he gets more affection and approval when his parents like his response. Then other adults reward some actions and criticize others. If one is to maintain the support of others and his own self-respect, he must adopt responses his social group approves.

In finding trial responses, the learner does not choose models at random. He imitates the person who seems a good person to be like, rather than a person whose social status he wishes to avoid. If the pupil wants to be a good violinist, he will observe and try to copy the techniques of capable players; while some other person may most influence his approach to books.

Admiration of one quality often leads us to admire a person as a whole, and he becomes an identifying figure. We use some people as models over a wide range of situations, imitating much that they do. We learn that they are dependable and rewarding models because imitating them leads to success.

The statement that children learn by imitation is incomplete because______.

A．they only imitate authorities and experts

B．they are not willing to copy their parents

C．the process of identification has been ignored

D．the nature of their imitation as a form. of behavior. has been neglected

le is a bit oversimplified. No child imitates every action he sees. Sometimes, the example the parent wants him to follow is ignored while he takes over contrary patterns from some other ' example. Therefore we must turn to a more subtle theory than "Monkey see, monkey do".

Look at it from the child's point of view. Here he is in a new situation, lacking a ready response. He is seeking a response which will gain certain ends. If he lacks a ready response for the situation, and cannot reason out what to do, he observes a model who seems able to get the right result. The child looks for an authority or expert who can show what to do.

There is a second element at work in this situation. The child may be able to attain his immediate goal only to find that his method brings criticism from people who observe him. When shouting across the house achieves his immediate end of delivering a message, he is told emphatically that such a racket is unpleasant, that he should walk into the next room and say his say quietly. Thus, the desire to solve any objective situation is overlaid with the desire to solve it properly. One of the early things the child learns is that he gets more affection and approval when his parents like his response. Then other adults reward some actions and criticize others. If one is to maintain the support of others and his own self-respect, he must adopt responses his social group approves.

In finding trial responses, the learner does not choose models at random. He imitates the person who seems a good person to be like, rather than a person whose social status he wished to avoid. If the pupil wants to be a good violinist, he will observe and try to copy the techniques of capable players; while some other person may most influence his approach to books.

Admiration of one quality often leads us to admire a person as a whole, and he becomes an identifying figure. We use some people as models over a wide range of situations, imitating much that they do. We learn that they are dependable and rewarding models because imitating them leads to success.

The statement that children learn by imitation is incomplete because ______.

A．they only imitate authorities and experts

B．they are not willing to copy their parents

C．the process of identification has been ignored

D．the nature of their imitation as a form. of behavior. has been neglected

t they see. Chances are you will receive three different answers. Each person sees the same scene, but each perceives something different about it.

Perceiving goes on in our minds. Of the three people who look out the window, one may say that he sees a policeman giving a motorist a ticket. Another may say that he sees a rush hour traffic jam at the intersection. The third may tell you that he sees a woman trying to cross the street with four children in tow. For perception is the mind’s interpretation of what the senses in this case our eyes tell us.

Many psychologists (心理学家) today are working to try to determine just how a person experiences or perceives the world around him. Using a scientific approach, these psychologists set up experiments in which they can control all of the factors. By measuring and charting the results of many experiments, they are trying to find out what makes different people perceive totally different things about the same scene.

(1)Which of the following is TRUE？

A、We have chances to receive three different answers from three people.

B、It is likely that we will receive three different answers from three people.

C、It is proved that we will receive three different answers from three people.

D、It is impossible that we will receive three different answers from three people.

(2)Seeing and perceiving are ________.

A、the same action

B、two separate actions

C、two actions carried on entirely by the eyes

D、several actions that take place at different times

(3)Perceiving is an action that takes place ________.

A、in our eyes

B、only when we are thinking hard

C、only under the direction of a psychologist

D、in every person's mind

(4)Psychologists study perception by _______.

A、setting up many experiments

B、asking each other what they see

C、looking out of windows

D、studying people's eyes

(5)The best title for this selection is _______.

A、How We See

B、Learning about Our Minds through Science

C、Color and People

D、How to Become a Psychologist

What makes one person more intelligent than another？ What makes one person a genius, like the brilliant Albert Einstein, and another person a fool？ Are people born intelligent or stupid, or is intelligence the result of where and how you live？ These are very old question and the answers to them are still not clear.

We know, however, that just being born with a good mind is not enough.In some ways, the mind is like a leg or an arm muscle.It needs exercise.Mental (done with the mind) exercise is particularly important for young children.Many child psychologists (心理学家) think that parents should play with their children more often, and give them problems to think about.The children are then more likely to grow up bright and intelligent.If, on the other hand, children are left alone a great deal with nothing to do, they are more likely to become dull and unintelligent.

Parents should also be careful what they say to young children.According to some psychologists, if parents are always telling a child that he or she is a fool or an idiot, then the child is more likely to keep doing silly and foolish things.So it is probably better for parents to say very positive things to their children, such as “That was a very clever thing you did.” or “You are such a smart child.”

11.The words “intelligent” and “brilliant” in the first paragraph probably mean_____ while “dull” in the second paragraph means______.

A.bright and splendid….slow in thinking and understanding

B.pretty and handsome….ordinary-looking

C.great and important….common

D.hopeful and helpful….careless

12.According to the context we can guess that a genius is ______ while an idiot is _____.

A.a normal person…a funny person

B.a strong person… a week person

C.a highly intelligent person… a foolish or weak-minded person

D.a famous person… an ordinary person

13.A person ______ is more likely to become a genius.

A.whose parents are clever

B.often thinking about difficult problem

C.often helped by his parents and teachers

D.born with a good brain and putting it to active use

14.It is better for parents________.

A.to praise and encourage their children more often

B.to be hard on their children

C.to leave their children alone with nothing to do

D.to give their children as much help as possible

15.Which of the following is not true according to the article？()

A.Parents play an important part in their children’s growth

B.The less you use your mind the duller you may become

C.Intelligence is obviously the result of where and how you live

D.Parents should always encourage their children

7】languages, mathematics, history, science and【58】subjects. That is quite true; but why do they learn these things？ And are these things【59】that they learn at school？

We【60】our children to school to【61】them for the time【62】they will have to work【63】themselves. Nearly everything they study at school has some【64】use in their life, but is that the only reason【65】they go to school？

There is【66】in education than just learning facts. We go to school【67】all to learn how to learn,【68】when we have【69】school, we can continue to learn. A man who really knows【70】will always be successful, because【71】he has to do something new which he has never had to do【72】, he will rapidly teach himself how to do it in the best【73】. The uneducated person,【74】, is probably unable to do something new, or does it badly. The purpose of schools, therefore, is not just to teach languages, mathematics, etc. ,【75】to teach pupils the way to learn.

(56)

A．either

B．whether

C．ever

D．as well

some information, but meanings are (1)_____ from so many other sources that it would hinder our effectiveness (2)_____ a partner to a relationship to rely too heavily on words (3)_____ Words are used to describe only a small part of the many ideas we associate with any given (4)_____. Sometimes we can gain insight into some of those (5)_____ if we listen for (6)_____ words. We don't always say what we mean (7)_____ mean what we say. Mostly we mean several things at once. A person wanting to purchase a house says to the current owner. "This step has to be fixed before I'll buy". The owner says, "It's been like that for years". (8)_____, the step hasn't been like that for years, but the (9)_____ message is: "I don't want to fix it. We can put up with it why can't you？" The (10)_____ for a more expansive view of meaning can be developed by examining a message (11)_____ who said it, when it occurred, the (12)_____ conditions or situation, and how it was said.

When a message occurs can also (13)_____ associated meaning. A friend's unusually docile behavior. may only be understood by (14)_____ that it was preceded by situations that required a(n) (15)_____ amount of assertiveness.

We would do well to listen for how message are (16)_____ The words, "it sure has been nice to have you over", can be said with (17)_____ and excited or ritualistically. The phrase can be said once or (18)_____ several times. And the meaning we associate with the phrase will change (19)_____ Sometimes if we say something infrequently it assumes more importance; sometimes the more we say something the (20)_____ importance it assumes.

A．omitted

B．resulted

C．dismissed

D．derived

Art seems to appear in human history as far back as 30,000 years ago. We say the earliest cave paintings are art, but what do we mean by art？ A bone fish hook (钩) obviously required skill and creativity to make. _ 26__

For the person who crates it, art expresses feelings and ideas. _ 27 _.The feelings and ideas on each side may or may not be exactly the same. And they may be expressed in various ways.

An artistic work is intended to excite the senses, to stir (激发) the emotions of the observer. _ 28_. But art is more than an attempt by an individual to express or communicate feelings and ideas. There is also cultural patting and meaning

Artistic activities are always in part cultural. In our society, we tend to think that anything useful is not art. If the basket has a design that is not necessary to its function, we may consider tart. __29__ However, this difference is not made in other societies.

Another example is that people in different societies treat the outside of their houses differently. Most North. Americans share the value of decorating the inside of their homes with pictures. _ 30 _

So art seems to have several qualities. It expresses as well as communicates. And it also has cultural meanings.

A. But we do not call it art.

B. It may produce feelings of beauty, peace or fear.

C. For the observer, it stimulates feelings and ideas.

D. Art does not require its creators to be full-time specialists.

E. But the basket with bread on the table would probably not be taken as art.

F. But they do not share the value of painting pictures on the outside walls.

s are about people."Did Jerry really care when I broke up with Helen？" "When I got that great job, did Jerry really feel good about it, as a friend？ Or did he envy my luck？" When we look back, doubts like these can make us feel bad.But when we look back, it's too late.

Why do we go wrong about our friends--or our enemies？ Sometimes what people say hides their real meaning.And if we don't really listen, we miss the feeling behind the words.Suppose someone tells you, "you're a lucky dog".Is he really on your side？ If he says, "You're a lucky guy" or "You're a lucky gal", that's being friendly.But "lucky dog"？ There's a bit of envy in those words.Maybe he doesn't see it himself.But bringing in the "dog" bit puts you down a little.What he may be saying is that he doesn't think you deserve your luck.

How can you tell the real meaning behind someone's words？ One way is to take a good look at the person talking.Do his words fit the way he looks？ Does what he says square with the tone of voice？ His posture (体态)？ The look in his eyes？ Stop and think.The minute you spend thinking about the real meaning of what people say to you may save another mistake.

1.From the questions in the first paragraph we can learn that tile speaker ().

A.feels happy, thinking of how nice his friends were to him

B.feels he may not have "read" his friends' true feelings correctly

C.thinks it was a mistake to have broken up with his girl friend, Helen

D.is sorry that his friends let him down

2.In the second paragraph, the author uses the example of "You're a lucky dog" to showthat ().

A.the speaker of this sentence is just being friendly

B.this saying means the same as "You're a lucky guy' or "You're a lucky gal"

C.sometimes the words used by a speaker give a clue to the feeling behind the words

D.the word "dog" shouldn't be used to apply to people

3.This passage tries to tell you how to ().

A.avoid mistakes about money and friends

B.bring the "dog" bit into our conversation

C.avoid mistakes in understanding what people tell you

D.keep people friendly without trusting them

4.In listening to a person, the important thing is ().

A.to notice his tone, his posture, and the look in his eyes

B.to listen to how he pronounces his words

C.to check his words against his manner, his tone of voice, and his posture

D.not to believe what he says

5.If you followed the advice of the writer, you would ().

A.be able to get the real meaning of what people say to you

B.avoid any mistakes while talking with people who envy you

C.not lose real friends who say things that do not please you

D.be able to observe people as they are talking to you