What makes consumers buy one brand instead of another？A、TV commercialsB、BrandsC、Newspape

price. And the people who want no-frills service and cheap product will also get it at the other end of the market. So competition allows a range of variety to occur in a market. The benefit to society of competition is that it makes a major contribution to the fundamental economic issue, which is the scarcity of productive resources. It means that on the production side, there is maximum pressure to conserve the use of those scarce productive resources. On the demand side it also rations consumer demand appropriately, and it also tends to mean that the variety of consumer needs can be met.

1. From the first paragraph of the passage we can know that usually there are ()kinds of consumers who may get satisfied in a market.

A. two

B. three

C. four

2. What does “it” in the first sentence of paragraph 2 refer to()

A. fundamental economic issue

B. the scarcity of productive resources

C. The benefit of competition

3. The sentence in paragraph 1“So competition allows a range of variety to occur in a market” means ().

A. competition makes the market supply various products and services

B. competition makes a lot of things occur in a market

C. competition makes different things occur in a market

4. On the demand side competition also ()appropriately.

A. meets consumer needs

B. makes consumer rational

C. makes consumer satisfied

5. The best title of this passage is ().

A. Fundamental Economic Issue

B. The Benefit of Competition

C. Consumer Demand and Market

变动：

a．消费者对未来信心的减少导致消费者支出减少而储蓄增多。

b．丰田公司引进新型生产线使一些消费者对外国汽车的偏好大于国产汽车。

c．引进自动取款机减少了货币需求。

Use the Mundell-Fleming model to predict what would happen to aggregate income, the exchange rate, and the trade balance under both floating and fixed exchange rates in response to each of the following shocks:

a．A fall in consumer confidence about the future induces consumers to spend less and save more.

b．The introduction of a stylish line of Toyotas makes some consumers prefer foreign cars over domestic cars.

e．The introduction of automatic teller machines reduces the demand for money.

用小型开放模型预测，在下列每个事件时，贸易余额、实际汇率和名义汇率会发生什么变动。

a．消费者对未来的信心下降引起消费者消费更少而储蓄增加；

b．引进丰田的新型生产线使消费者对外国汽车的偏好大于本国汽车；

c．引进自动取款机减少了货币需求。

Use the model of the small open economy to predict what would happen to the trade balance, the real exchange rate, and the nominal exchange rate in response to each of the following events.

a．A fall in consumer confidence about the future induces consumers to spend less and save more.

b．The introduction of a stylish line of Toyotas makes some consumers prefer foreign cars over domestic ears.

c．The introduction of automatic teller machines reduces the demand for money.

下，美国的储蓄、投资、贸易余额、利率以及汇率会发生什么变动？(为了使事情简单化，分别考察下面每一种影响。)

a．美国政府由于担心自己需要介入战争，增加了对军事装备的购买。

b．其他国家增加了对高技术武器的需求，这是美国的主要出口。

c．战争使美国企业对未来无法确定．而且，企业的一些投资项目被延期。

d．战争使美国消费者对未来无法确定，而且做出的反应是储蓄更多。

e．美国人变得害怕出国旅行，因此更多的人在美国度假。

f．外国投资者在美国为他们的投资组合寻找一个避风港。

If a war broke out abroad, it would affect the U.S. economy in many ways, Use the model of the large open economy to examine each of the following effects of such a war. What happens in the United States to saving, investment, the trade balance, the interest rate, and the exchange rate？ (To keep things simple, consider each of the following effects separately.)

a．The U.S. government, fearing it may need to enter the war, increases its purchases of military equipment.

b．Other countries raise their demand for high-tech weapons, a major export of the United States.

e．The war makes U.S. firms uncertain about the future, and the firms delay some investment projects.

d．The war makes U.S. consumers uncertain about the future, and the consumers save more in response.

e．Americans become apprehensive about traveling abroad, so more of them spend their vacations in the United States.

f．Foreign investors seek a safe haven for their portfolios in the United States.

olish the practice of tipping at Per Se, his luxury restaurant in New York City, and replace it with a European--style. service charge, I knew three groups would be opposed: customers, servers and restaurant owners. These three groups are all committed to tipping—as they quickly made clear on Web sites. To oppose tipping, it seems, is to be anticapitalist, and maybe even a little French.

But Mr. Keller is right to move away from tipping—and it's worth exploring why just about everyone else in the restaurant world is wrong to stick with the practice.

Customers believe in tipping because they think it makes economic sense. "Waiters know that they won't get paid if they don't do a good job" is how most advocates of the system would put it. To be sure, this is a tempting, apparently rational statement about economic theory, but it appears to have little applicability to the real world of restaurants.

Michael Lynn, an associate professor of consumer behavior. and marketing at Cornell's School of Hotel Administration, has conducted dozens of studies of tipping and has concluded that consumers' assessments of the quality of service correlate weakly to the amount they tip.

Rather, customers are likely to tip more in response to servers touching them lightly and leaning forward next to the table to make conversation than to how often their water glass is refilled—in other words, customers tip more when they like the server, not when the service is good. Mr. Lynn's studies also indicate that male customers increase their tips for female servers while female customers increase their tips for male servers.

What's more, consumers seem to forget that the tip increases as the bill increases. Thus, the tipping system is an open invitation to what restaurant professionals call "upselling": every bottle of imported water, every espresso and every cocktail is extra money in the server's pocket. Aggressive upselling for tips is often rewarded while low-key, quality service often goes unrecognized.

In addition, the practice of tip pooling, which is the norm in fine-dining restaurants and is becoming more common in every kind of restaurant above the level of a greasy spoon, has ruined whatever effect voting with your tip might have had on an individual waiter. In an unreasonable outcome, you are punishing the good waiters in the restaurant by not tipping the bad one. Indeed, there appears to be little connection between tipping and good service.

It may be inferred that a European-style. service ______.

A．is tipping-free

B．charges little tip

C．is the author's initiative

D．is offered at Per Se

Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage.

Since the 1940s, southern California has had a reputation for smog. Things are not as bad as they once were but, according to the American Lung Association, Los Angeles is still the worst city in the United States for levels of __26__ . Gazing down on the city from the Getty Center, an art museum in the Santa Monica Mountains, one would find the view of the Pacific Ocean blurred by the haze (霾). Nor is the state’s had air __27__ to its south. Fresno, in the central valley, comes top of the list in America for year-round pollution. Residents’ hearts and lungs are affected as a __28__ .

All of which, combined with California’s reputation as the home of technological __29__ , makes the place ideal for developing and testing systems designed to monitor pollution in __30__ . And that is just what Aclima, a new firm in San Francisco, has been doing over the past few months. It has been trying out monitoring that are __31__ to yield minute-to-minute maps of __32__ air pollution. Such stations will also be able to keep an eye on what is happening inside buildings, including offices

To this end, Aclima has been __33__ with Google’s Street View system. Davida Herzl, Aclima’s boss, says they have revealed pollution highs on days when San Francisco’s transit workers went on strike and the city’s __34__ were forced to use their cars. Conversely, “cycle to work” days have done their job by __35__ pollution lows.

A) assisted

B) collaborating

C) consequence

D) consumers

E) creating

F) detail

G) domestic

H) frequently

I) inhabitants

J) innovation

K) intended

L) outdoor

M) pollutants

N) restricted

O) Sum

A. on

B. to

C. by

What had the study's organizers expected of the survey results？

A．More consumers would prefer TV ads to print ads.

B．More consumers would prefer print ads to TV.

C．Both TV ads and print ads should have their fans.

D．Print ads should get the credit they deserve

ederal government will do little to protect them or consumers from the software giant's monopoly power. But they hold out hope that state attorney generals could make the deal more restrictive. "My guess is that all Bill Gates could do was to suppress a big grin when he held his press conference this morning," said Mitchell Kertz-man, chief executive of Liberate Technologies, a rival provider of software for interactive TV. "This settlement does not come close to matching the scope of the violation of antitrust law that Microsoft has been convicted of," he added. "It was an inexplicably bad deal for the government."

Microsoft and the Justice Department presented the settlement to a federal judge Friday, saying that it would end the antitrust case in a way that would help the declining economy. US District Judge Colleen Kollar-Kotelly agreed to review it and gave the 18 states involved in the case until Tuesday to decide whether to accept the plan.

Several competitors called on the state attorney generals to insist on making changes to the settlement. Sun Microsystems' general counsel, Michael Morris, said the Justice Department was "walking away from a case they had already won." Paul T. Cappuccio, the general counsel for AOL Time Warner, said the settlement "does too little to promote competition and protect consumers, and can too easily be evaded by a determined monopolist like Microsoft."

The state attorney generals had been pressing for stiffer penalties, but on Friday several said progress had been made. Among the key elements of the settlement, Microsoft would have to:

--Help rivals make products compatible with the Windows operating system, which runs 91 percent of the world's computers.

--Stop using exclusive deals with computer sellers to put competitors at a disadvantage.

--Let three in-house independent experts monitor its compliance.

"We are quite disappointed. We believe there are a lot of issues that have not been addressed," said Michald Mace, chief officer of handheld computer maker Palm, which makes an operating system that competes with one from Microsoft. Several tech executives said the settlement was too focused on restricting Microsoft's Widows monopoly, and not its broader business practices and non-PC initiatives.

"This is a reward, not a remedy. It fails to terminate the illegal monopoly and fails to free the market from anti-competitive conduct," said Kelly Jo Macarthur, general counsel for Real Networks, which makes music and video software, threatened by Windows Media Player. "This agreement allows a declared illegal monopolist to determine, at its sole discretion, what goes into the monopoly operating system in the future," she added.

We can infer from the text that the main issue behind Microsoft's antitrust case is the need ______.

A．to restrict the expansion of software companies

B．to limit the reach of Microsoft's Windows operating system

C．to prevent Microsoft from monopolizing the computer software industry

D．to assist its competitors in making products compatible with Windows

What is consumers’ expectation？ (More than one answer)

A.They expect their digital experience to be more human and empathic

B.They expect their digital experience to surprise them.

C.They expect their digital experience to allow for interactivity.

D.They expect their digital experience to save money.