题目
1 The scientists in the research laboratories of Swan Hill Company (SHC, a public listed company) recently made a very
important discovery about the process that manufactured its major product. The scientific director, Dr Sonja Rainbow,
informed the board that the breakthrough was called the ‘sink method’. She explained that the sink method would
enable SHC to produce its major product at a lower unit cost and in much higher volumes than the current process.
It would also produce lower unit environmental emissions and would substantially improve product quality compared
to its current process and indeed compared to all of the other competitors in the industry.
SHC currently has 30% of the global market with its nearest competitor having 25% and the other twelve producers
sharing the remainder. The company, based in the town of Swan Hill, has a paternalistic management approach and
has always valued its relationship with the local community. Its website says that SHC has always sought to maximise
the benefit to the workforce and community in all of its business decisions and feels a great sense of loyalty to the
Swan Hill locality which is where it started in 1900 and has been based ever since.
As the board considered the implications of the discovery of the sink method, chief executive Nelson Cobar asked
whether Sonja Rainbow was certain that SHC was the only company in the industry that had made the discovery and
she said that she was. She also said that she was certain that the competitors were ‘some years’ behind SHC in their
research.
It quickly became clear that the discovery of the sink method was so important and far reaching that it had the
potential to give SHC an unassailable competitive advantage in its industry. Chief executive Nelson Cobar told board
colleagues that they should clearly understand that the discovery had the potential to put all of SHC’s competitors out
of business and make SHC the single global supplier. He said that as the board considered the options, members
should bear in mind the seriousness of the implications upon the rest of the industry.
Mr Cobar said there were two strategic options. Option one was to press ahead with the huge investment of new plant
necessary to introduce the sink method into the factory whilst, as far as possible, keeping the nature of the sink
technology secret from competitors (the ‘secrecy option’). A patent disclosing the nature of the technology would not
be filed so as to keep the technology secret within SHC. Option two was to file a patent and then offer the use of the
discovery to competitors under a licensing arrangement where SHC would receive substantial royalties for the twentyyear
legal lifetime of the patent (the ‘licensing option’). This would also involve new investment but at a slower pace
in line with competitors. The licence contract would, Mr Cobar explained, include an ‘improvement sharing’
requirement where licensees would be required to inform. SHC of any improvements discovered that made the sink
method more efficient or effective.
The sales director, Edwin Kiama, argued strongly in favour of the secrecy option. He said that the board owed it to
SHC’s shareholders to take the option that would maximise shareholder value. He argued that business strategy was
all about gaining competitive advantage and this was a chance to do exactly that. Accordingly, he argued, the sink
method should not be licensed to competitors and should be pursued as fast as possible. The operations director said
that to gain the full benefits of the sink method with either option would require a complete refitting of the factory and
the largest capital investment that SHC had ever undertaken.
The financial director, Sean Nyngan, advised the board that pressing ahead with investment under the secrecy option
was not without risks. First, he said, he would have to finance the investment, probably initially through debt, and
second, there were risks associated with any large investment. He also informed the board that the licensing option
would, over many years, involve the inflow of ‘massive’ funds in royalty payments from competitors using the SHC’s
patented sink method. By pursuing the licensing option, Sean Nyngan said that they could retain their market
leadership in the short term without incurring risk, whilst increasing their industry dominance in the future through
careful investment of the royalty payments.
The non-executive chairman, Alison Manilla, said that she was looking at the issue from an ethical perspective. She
asked whether SHC had the right, even if it had the ability, to put competitors out of business.
Required:
(a) Assess the secrecy option using Tucker’s model for decision-making. (10 marks)
第1题
{TSE}Text 1 Modern scientists divide the process of dying into two stages--clinical or temporary death andbiological death. Clinical death occurs when the vital organs, such as the heart or lungs, haveceased to function, but have not suffered permanen
A、the difference between biological and clinical death
B、the process of dying
C、prolonging the period of clinical death
D、the nature of clinical death
第2题
Which sentence in this paragraph breaks its unity()。
1.Many social scientists claim that childhood is a "socialconstruction", a term of a number of meanings.
2. First, understandings of childhood are not the sameeverywhere.
3. Second, while all societies acknowledge that childrenare different from adults, how they aredifferent and whatexpectations are placed on them, change according to thesociety in which they live.
4. Last,children on the Pacific island of Tonga, studiedby Morton (1996), are regularly beaten by their parentsand oldersiblings.
A. Sentence 1
B. Sentence 2
C. Sentence 3
D. Sentence 4
第3题
Scientists in California and Virginia will try to decode
genetic makeup of two plant-destroying microbes, including 【M1】______
one blaming for killing tens of thousands of oak trees along the 【M2】______
West Coast.
Backed by $4 million in federal grants, the scientists hope
to sequence the genomes of the two species of Phytophthora.
The most notorious of the pair is P. ramorum, that causes sudden【M3】______
oak death syndrome.
With the genomes in hand, scientists expect to develop
the mean to track, detect and, eventually, treat both diseases.【M4】______
P. ramorum has killed tens of thousands of black oak,
coast live oak and tan oak trees in northern California and
southern Oregon as it first appeared in 1995. This year, 【M5】______
scientists invented coast redwoods and Douglas fir also 【M6】______
are susceptible, as is at least 14 other plant species. 【M7】______
At the same time, scientists at the Walnut Creek laboratory
and at the Virginia Bioinformatics Institute in Blacksburg will
sequence the genome of P. sojae, a related microbe
responsible soy rot, which is estimated to cause $1 billion in 【M8】______
damages to soy Bean crops worldwide. Both sequences will be
free available on the Internet once completed. 【M9】______
The two species of funguslike organisms are closely
related to algae. Among their relatives is P. infestans, the microbe
responsible for the failure of potato crops in Ireland in the
19th century and the resulting famine. The name
Phytophthora means "plant devourer" in Greece. 【M10】______
【M1】
第4题
21. According to the passage , all monkey troops are equal.
22. People have long been interested in animal behavior.
23. The last sentence of Para. I means that they are only regarded as evidence for the remarkable variety of nature.
24. The second paragraph mainly tells about the superficial aspects of social behavior.
25. The third paragraph mainly tells about what affects the formation of one' s behavior. towards one' s fellows.
26. More and more scientists participating in the study of sociobiology arc convinced that human behavior. arises almost entirely from unique intellectual and emotional capacities.
27. Some scientists believe sociobiology would affect their theories and practices.
28. Sociobiology mainly studies modem human society.
29. Scientists believe that animals have similar behavioral patterns.
30. Darwinian theory plays a key role in the study of animal behavior.according to the passage.
第5题
1)、A.but
B.how
C.from
D.whether
E.average
2)、A.but
B.how
C.from
D.whether
E.average
3)、A.but
B.how
C.from
D.whether
E.average
4)、A.but
B.how
C.from
D.whether
E.average
5)、A.but
B.how
C.from
D.whether
E.average
第6题
Many Native Americans closely resemble Asians. This has led most scientists to(1)believe something about Native Americans. They think that most Native Americans(2)from a distant group of people. These people(3)from Siberia across the Bering Strait, between 17,000-11,000 years ago. The exact time and 4 is still under question. That is, it is still a(n)(5)of debate. The time they traveled and the route they took is still being argued, as is whether it happened(6).
(7)recently, some anthropologists (人类学家) argued that the migration occurred 12,000 years ago. However, there are a number of difficulties with this theory —(8)particular, the presence of people in the Americas earlier than one might think. There is growing evidence of human(9)in Brazil and Chile 11,500 years ago or earlier. There is also(10)of humans living in the Americas some 50,000 years ago.(11), other possibilities have been suggested.
They may have(12)the land bridge several thousand years earlier or they may have sailed along the western coast. However, some(13)this theory. They think that humans(14)skills for sailing during that era.
Some consider the genetic and cultural evidence for an Asian origin overwhelming. It should be noted,(15), that some other people are very upset at this idea. Many present-day Native Americans(16)the above theories. They say those who put forward such theories have political(17)They have their own traditional stories that offer(18)of where they came from. Their own stories claim that their(19)are different from what scientists say. Those accounts, though, have mostly been(20)by scholars. Therefore, the origin of Americans still remains a mystery to be explored.
第7题
根据以下内容回答题:
Scientists know that there are two basic approaches to prolonging life(延长寿命),one approache is the elimination of the diseases that generally affect older people—diseases such as cancer,heart attack and stroke.(1)is the delay of the process of growing-old the(2)of the body. In recent years scientific researchers(3)much time in the study of the process of aging.They believe that,within a few years,they will develop the knowledge and the(4)to delay the aging process for lo to 15 years.The result will be that more people will live longer,more healthful lives.At present,scientists believe that with the right diet,exercise,medical(5),and mental attitude many people can live to he l00 years old. Gerontologists(老年学专家),people who(6)studies of the problems of growing old,are investigating(7)body cells slow down and(8)die.They feel that delaying this slowing down process(9)help postpone death.In a number of American universities,scien-tists are studying the activity of cells,the effects of diet and internal body temperature on aging.If their studies are successful,the results should help(10)the quality of life for older people in the next few years,as well as increase the life span of the next generation.
1.
A.Others
B.Another
C.The other
D.One more
第8题
experimenting on mice. They are studying the relationship between diet and health. At this time, over one hundred experiments are being done in this laboratory.
In one of these experiments, the scientists are studying the relationship between the amount of food the mice eat and their health. The mice are in three groups. All three groups are receiving the same healthy diet. But the amount of food that each group is receiving is different. The first group is eating one cup of food each day, the second group is eating two cups, and the third group of mice is eating three cups.
After three years, the healthiest group is the one that is only eating one cup of food each day. The mice in this group are thinner than normal mice. But they are more active. Most of the day, they are running, playing with one another, and using the equipment in their cages. Also, they are living longer. Mice usually live for two years. Most of the mice in this group are still alive after three years.
The second group of mice is normal weight. They are healthy, too. They are active, but not as active as the thinner mice. But they are only living about two years, not the three years or more of the thinner mice.
The last group of mice is receiving more food than the other two groups. Most of the day, these mice are eating or sleeping. They are not very active. These mice are living longer than the scientists thought - about a year and a half. But they aren't as healthy. They're sick more often than the other two groups.
(1)、The scientists in the laboratory are studying the relationship between the amount of food and diet.
A:T
B:F
(2)、The first two groups are receiving the most food.
A:T
B:F
(3)、The first group is the thinnest because they do not have a healthy diet.
A:T
B:F
(4)、Normal mice usually live for two years.
A:T
B:F
(5)、The text tells us that people who eat less and exercise more will live longer.
A:T
B:F
第9题
Language is always changing.The earliest known languages had complicated grammar but a small, limited vocabulary.Over the centuries, the grammar changed, and the vocabulary grew.For example, the English and Spanish people who came to America during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries gave names to all the new plants and animals they found.In this way, hundreds of new words were introduced into English and Spanish vocabularies.Today life is changing very fast, and language is changing fast, too.
There are several major language families in the world.Some scientists say there are nine main families, but other scientists divide them differently.The languages in each family are related, and scientists think that they came from the same parent language.
We learn our own languages by listening and copying.We do this without studying or thinking about it.But learning a foreign language takes a lot of study and practice.
(1).What do all languages in the world have?
A.Complicated vocabularies
B.Single grammar
C.Large vocabularies
D.A system of sounds
(2).What does the earliest known languages have?
A.Different word orders
B.Difficult grammar
C.Difficult vocabularies
D.Easy sound system
(3).What did the English and Spanish people who came to America do?
A.They gave names to different animals
B.They found many new plants and animals
C.They changed the grammar of English and Spanish
D.They introduced new words into English and Spanish
(4).Scientists think that the languages in each family_________________________.
A.are related
B.should be divided differently
C.should be separated
D.are not very different
(5).According to the passage, we learn our own language by_________________________.
A.thinking about it
B.practicing it
C.listening and copying
D.studying it
第10题
根据以下材料回答 1~20 题:
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is___(1)___to say it anyway. He is that___(2)___bird, a scientist who works independently ___(3)___ any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not ___(4)___ thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused Much controversy when it was first suggested.
___(5)___ he, however, might tremble at the ___(6)___of what he is about to do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only ___(7)___that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in___(8)___are a particular people originated from central Europe. The process is natural selection.
This group generally do well in IQ test, ___(9)___12-15 points above the ___(10)___value of 100, and have contributed ___(11)___to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the ___(12)___of their elites, including several world-renowned scientists, ___(13)___. They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts, ___(14)___, have previously been thought unrelated. The former has been ___(15)___ to social effects, such as a strong tradition of___(16)___ education. The latter was seen as a (an) ___(17)___of genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately ___(18)___ . His argument is that the unusual history of these people has ___(19)___ them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this ___(20)___ state of affairs.
第 1 题 请选择(1)处最佳答案()。
A.selected
B.prepared
C.obliged
D.pleased
第11题
Since 1976, employment of scientists and engineers is up 85 percent. This trend is expected to continue. However, the trend shows that the number of 22-year-olds--the near term source of future PH.D.s is declining. Further adding to the problem is the increased competition for these candidates from other fields like law, medicine, business, etc. While the number of U.S. PH.D.s in science and engineering declines, the award of PH.D.s to foreign nationals is increasing rapidly.
Our inability to motivate students to pursue science and engineering careers at the graduate level is compounded because of the intense demand industry has for bright Bachelor's and Master's degree holders. Too often, promising PH.D.Candidates, confronting the cost and financial sacrifice of pursuing their education, find the attraction of industry irresistible.
(1)The U.S. will come to lose its leading place in technology probably because().
A.the number of PH.D.Degree holders is declining
B.the number of scientists and engineers is decreasing
C.the number of 22-year-ilds is declining
D.scientists and engineers are not employed
(2)The field of science and engineering is facing a competition from() .
A.technology
B.foreign nationals
C.such fields as law, medicine and business
D.postgraduates
(3)Large-scale enterprises now need ().
A.bright graduates and postgraduates
B.new inventions
C.advanced technology
D.engineers
(4) Many promising postgraduates are unwilling to pursue a PH.D.degree because().
A.they are not encouraged to be engaged in science
B.industry does not require PH.D.holders
C.they have financial difficulties
D.they will spend much time and energy completing PH.D.
(5) PH.D.candidates "find the attraction of industry irresistible" means that().
A.they find industry is attracting more and more college students
B.they don't think they can prevent themselves from working for industry
C.they cannot resist any attraction from all sides
D.they cannot work for industry any longer
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