According to the article, why conflicts arose？A.They arose from cultural differences.B.

What has changed about art on British transport, according to the report？

A．It has been copied from the art on foreign transport systems.

B．It no longer inspires people to visit places.

C．It no longer provides information about places.

D．It has been put in different places.

A．family life, religion and art

B．the differences between science and arts

C．human beings

D．different cultures

According to the author, science differs from religion in that ______.

A．it is unaware of ultimate goals

B．it is unimaginative

C．its findings are exact and final

D．it resembles society and art

A、is expected

B、expects

C、expected

D、is expecting

A.Dishes are always cooked with butter, cheese and cream.

B.Spices are popularly used to enhance the flavor of foods.

C.Fish is used as staple food.

D.The art of swift cooking at very high temperature is supreme.

In the years after the Civil War most American painters received their training in Europe, the majority studying in the French schools at Paris or Barbizon, and a smaller number in Germany at Munich(慕尼黑) and Dusseldorf(杜塞尔多夫). The teaching of the Barbizon school, which stressed the use of color and the creation of an impression or a mood, influenced many American artists. One group of American painters, led by James McNeill Whistler and John Singer Sargent, expatriated(移居国外) themselves from the American scene and settled in Europe. Whistler, who is often ranked as the greatest genius(天才) in the history of American art, was a versatile(多才多艺的) and industrious(勤奋的) artist who was equally proficient(熟练的) in several media-oil, watercolor, etching(铜版画)-and with several themes-portraits and his so-called "nocturnes(夜景画)", impressionistic sketches(印象画) of moonlight on water and other scenes. He was one of the first to appreciate the beauty of Japanese color prints and to introduce Oriental concepts into Western art.

1. For a period after the Civil War, the majority of American painters ____.

A、was influenced by the Barbizon school

B、painted in the impressionist style

C、studied art in Europe

D、used striking color in their work

2. According to the passage, one group of American painters ____.

A、left America never to return

B、turned their back on the American art tradition

C、copied the style. of Whistler and Sargent

D、were unaffected by the European style. of painting

3. From the passage we are led to believe that Whistler ____.

A、did much of his painting at night

B、produced a large number of pictures

C、combined several media and themes in his paintings

D、was most proficient in impressionistic sketches

4. According to the passage, Whistler was one of the first Western painters to ____.

A、use Japanese ideas in his own work

B、become interested in Japanese printing

C、admire Japanese oil paintings

D、start producing Japanese sketches

5. The main theme of this passage is ____.

A、Whistler's influence on Western art

B、The influence of European art on American painters

C、The influence of Oriental art on Whistler

D、The American painters' influence in Europe

It has been argued that art does not reproduce the visible-it makes things

visible-but this does not go far enough. In fact, visual art explores and reveals

the brain's perceptual capabilities and the laws governing it, among which two

Line stand supreme: law of constancy and law of abstraction. According to the law of

(5) constancy, the visual brain's function is to seek knowledge of the constant

properties of objects and surfaces: the distance, the viewing point, and the

illumination conditions change continually, yet the brain is able to discard these

changes in categorizing an object. It was an unacknowledged attempt to mimic

the perceptual abilities of the brain that led the founders of Cubism, Picasso and

(10) Braque, to alter the point of view, the distance and the lighting conditions in

their early, analytic period.

The second law is that of abstraction, the process in which the particular is

subordinated to the general, so that the representation is applicable to many

particulars. This second law has strong affinities with the first, because without

(15) it, the brain would be enslaved to the particular; the capacity to abstract is also

probably imposed on the brain by the limitations of its memory system, because

it eliminates the need to recall every detail. Art, too, abstracts and thus

externalizes the inner workings of the brain, so that its primordial function is a

reflection of the function of the brain.

(20) Through a process that has yet to be physiologically charted, cells in the

brain seem to be able to recognize objects in a view-invariant manner after brief

exposure to several distinct views synthesized by them. The artist, too, forms

abstractions, through a process that may share similarities with the

physiological processes now being unraveled but certainly goes beyond them, in

(25) that the abstract idea itself mutates with the artist's development. But

abstraction, a key feature of an efficient knowledge-acquiring system, also

exacts a heavy price on the individual, for which art may be a refuge and the

abstract "ideal" can lead to a deep discontent, because the daily experience is

that of particulars. Michelangelo left three-fifths of his sculptures unfinished,

(30) but he had not abandoned them in haste: he often worked on them for years,

because time and again the sublimity of his ideas lay beyond the reach of his

hands, impressing on him the hopelessness of translating into a single work or a

series of sculptures the synthetic ideals formed in his brain. Critics have written

in emotional and lyrical terms about these unfinished works, perhaps because,

(35) being unfinished, the spectator can finish them and thus satisfy the ideals of his

or her brain. This is only qualitatively different from finished works with the

inestimable quality of ambiguity-a characteristic of all great art-that allows

the brain of the viewer to interpret the work in a number of ways, all of them

equally valid.

The author argues that aesthetic creation is useful to an understanding of the visual brain because it

A．allows abstract ideas to mutate into new and hitherto untested forms

B．helps scientists synthesize several distinct views of the operation of the brain

C．manifests in an observable form. the laws by which the brain functions

D．subordinates the particular to the general, streamlining the artistic process

E．establishes the constant and essential properties of objects and surfaces

ution Archives (档案馆) by the FBI after being stolen twice.

"We realized in the mid-1970s that it was missing," says Effie Kapsalis, head of the Smithsonian Insitution Archives. "It was noted as missing and likely taken by an intern (实习生), from what the FBI is telling us. Word got out that it was missing when someone asked to see the letter for research purposes," and the intern put the letter back. "The intern likely took the letter again once nobody was watching it."

Decades passed. Finally, the FBI received a tip that the stolen document was located very close to Washington, D.C. Their art crime team recovered the letter but were unable to press charges because the time of limitations had ended. The FBI worked closely with the Archives to determine that the letter was both authentic and definitely Smithsonian's property.

The letter was written by Darwin to thank an American geologist, Dr. Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden, for sending him copies of his research into the geology of the region that would become Yellowstone National Park.

The letter is in fairly good condition, in spite of being out of the care of trained museum staff for so long. "It was luckily in good shape," says Kapsalis, "and we just have to do some minor things in order to be able to unfold it. It has some glue on it that has colored it slightly, but nothing that will prevent us from using it. After it is repaired, we will take digital photos of it and that will be available online. One of our goals is to get items of high research value or interest to the public online."

It would now be difficult for an intern, visitor or a thief to steal a document like this. "Archiving practices have changed greatly since the 1970s," says Kapsalis, "and we keep our high value documents in a safe that I don't even have access to."

81.What happened to Darwin's letter in the 1970s____

A.It was recovered by the FBI

B.It was stolen more than once.

C.It was put in the archives for research purposes.

D.It was purchased by the Smithsonian Archives.

82.What did the FBI do after the recovery of the letter____

A.They proved its authenticity.

B.They kept it in a special safe.

C.They arrested the suspect immediately.

D.They pressed criminal charges in vain.

83.What is Darwin's letter about____

A.The evolution of Yellowstone National Park.

B.His cooperation with an American geologist.

C.Some geological evidence supporting his theory.

D.His acknowledgement of help from a professional.

84.What will the Smithsonian Institution Archives do with the letter according to Kapsalis____

A.Reserve it for research purposes only.

B.Turn it into an object of high interest.

C.Keep it a permanent secret.

D.Make it available online.

85.What has the past half century witnessed according to Kapsalis____

A.Growing interest in rare art objects.

B.Radical changes in archiving practices.

C.Recovery of various missing documents.

D.Increases in the value of museum exhibits.

Passage Three

Romeo and Juliet was probably written in 1595, when Shakespeare was a young successful playwright. He had already written comedies and history plays, but had not yet developed his shill in tragedy.

The power of fate is strong to Shakespeare’s play. Chance and evil eventually join to bring tragedy. Chance involves Romeo in a murder, chance prevents a message from reaching Romeo in time, chance brings about a deadly meeting in a cemetery.

Many Elizabethans were followers of astrology(星相术) and believed that the stars could control events. Thus, Romeo and Juliet art referred to as” star-crossed lovers” whose stars doomed(命中注定)them to disaster.

Elizabethans also had a concept of fate in the person of Dame Fortune (命运女神). By spinning her wheel, she could raise the state of a beggar or a lower that of a king. One of the fascinations of Shakespeare is the way in which he put these ideas into the play.

One of the most difficult things to decide about this play is the question of responsibility. Did irresistible fate bring tragedy to Romeo and Juliet, or were they themselves to blame？ The fact that this question is not resolved by the author also helps to make Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet a fascinating work.

44. According to Para.1, Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet ____.

A when he succeeded in comedy and history plays

B after he had developed his skill in tragedy

C before he wrote comedies and history plays

D when he was no longer young

hconditions contradicts earlier images of wealth and abundance from the artrecords of the ancient Egyptian city of Tell el-Amarna, a study has found．Tell el-Amarna was the capital of ancient Egypt during the reign of the pharaoh (法老) Akhenaten, who abandoned most of Egypts old gods in favor of the Aten sun disk andbrought in a new and more expressive style. of art．Akhenaten, who ruled Egypt between 1379 and 1362BC, built and lived in Tell el-Amarna in central Egypt for 15 years．The city was largely abandoned shortlyafter his death and the ascendance of the famous boy king Tutankhamun to the throne．Studies on the remains of ordinary ancient Egyptians in a cemetery in Tell el-Amarna showed thatmany of them suffered from anem/a (贫血症 ), fractured bones, stunted growth and high juvenilemortality rates, according to professors Barry Kemp and Jerome Rose, who led the research．Rose, a professor of anthropology (人类学) in the University of Arkansas in the United States, saidadults buried in the cemetery were probably brought there from other parts of Egypt．"This means that wehave a period of deprivation in Egypt prior to the Amarna phase．So maybe things were not so good for theaverage Egyptian and maybe Akhenaten said we have to change to make things better," he said．Kemp, director of the Amarna Project which seeks in part to increase public knowledge of Tell el-Amarna and surrounding region, said little attention has been given to the cemeteries of ordinary ancient Egyptians．Rose displayed pictures showing spinal (脊柱) injuries among teenagers, probably because of accidents during construction work to build the city．The study showed that anemia ran at 74 percent among children and teenagers, and at 44 percentamong adults, Rose said．The average height of men was 159 cm (5 feet 2 inches) and 153 cm among women．"Adult heights are used as an indicator for overall standard of living," he said．"Short statures(身长) reflect a diet deficient in protein．．．People were not growing to their full potential．" What is the findings of the study mentioned in the passage？

A.The ancient Tell el-Amarna was famous for its art records．

B.The artistic exhibition of ancient Tell el-Amarna was trustworthy．

C.The art records of Tell el-Amarna showed ancient Egyptians real life．

D.Life was really tough for average Egyptians in ancient Tell el-Amarna．