Though understanding no Chinese, the American girl was able to communicate with other

seem to understand each other and share each other' s emotions to such an extent that one suspects some kinds of thought communication.

What is not so widely known is that this special relationship often acts as brake on twins' intellectual development. As they are partly isolated in their own private world, twins communicate less with adults than do other children. The verbal ability of a four-year-old twin is typically six months behind that of a non-twin. The problem can be particularly severe in a deprived home, a one-parent family for example, where there is little stimulation for children anyway.

Such children, while capable of mutual comprehension in a private language, often remain in comprehensible to outsiders and thus at a severe educational disadvantage. The only solution to the problem, cruel though it may seem, is to separate the twins thus forcing them to acquire ordinary speech helped and guided by sympathetic parents and teachers.

Many people don' t know that ______.

A．twins understand each other very well

B．twins are slow to learn to talk

C．twins are unlikely to do less well at school than other children

D．there exists more communication between twins

gpu River, which cuts through the city. Pudong has a laud area of 533.@44 square kilometers and a permanent population of 163 million. In the past, due to the lack of bridges and tunnels across the river, Pudong lagged far behind the old downtown of Shanghai in terms of economic growth, though it lies just opposite the latter.

On April 18, 1990, the Chinese central government made the announcement of opening up and developing Shanghai Pudong. That was seen as a major strategy to turn Shanghai into one of world's largest economic, financial and trade centers and to regenerate the economy of the Yangtze River Delta and even the whole Yangtze River Valley.

The reconstruction of Pudong is a major strategic decision in carrying on the social and economic progress of China. It will lead the country in innovations of administrations, upgrading of industrial structures and expanding the practice of the opening-up policy. The past ten years have witnessed explosive economic growth in Pudong as well as an enormous change in the appearance of the city. Pudong New Area has become the landmark of Shanghai as one of the international economic centers in the 21st century.

As the tallest building in China, Jin Mao Tower is au intelligent building offering services for business, hotel, recreation, sightseeing and shopping. It is not only a new tourist attraction but also a window through which people from other parts of the world may get a better understanding of Shanghai and Pudong.

Pudong

Land area:【46】.

Population:【47】.

Past situation:【48】.

Time for fast development:【49】.

A window to see Shanghai:【50】.

Cheese is perhaps the first food to be manufactured that is currently

consumed by humans. The oldest written records have references to cheese S1.______

as a food. Today, cheese is available in an almost numerable variety of

kinds, flavors and consistencies. Cheese is made by many different races of S2.______

people under wide varying conditions all over tide face of the earth. And the S3.______

peoples who eat it like the various flavors and consistencies produced. S4.______

For the better understanding of the art and sciences of cheese-making S5.______

one needs to know what kind of product it is and how the manufacturer pro-

cedures developed over the years. Even though the varieties differ quite

widely in composition, cheese can be characterized as a product made from S6.______

milk in that the protein is coagulated and concentrated. S7.______

For centuries, cheese-making has been a farm and home industry with

the individual producers using surplus milk to make small batches of

cheese. Goat cheese making in the US still follows this general practice. It S8.______

was, and still is to a considerate degree, an art; since the middle of

the 19th century, however, more and more cheese has been made in specially

equipped factories with greater application of science in the manufacturing

procedure. Milk from all species has been used for cheese making. Be- S9.______

cause more attention has been given with increasing the productivity of the

bovine species, a large proportion of commercial cheese is now made from S10.______

cow milk; the milk from the buffalo, zebu, sheep and goats is also used extensively.

【S1】

Another person’s face can be referred to directly and generously(慷慨地) promoted(促进). Take note(注意), though: the Confucian hierarchies(儒家的等级制度)play an important role here. If you are in the superior(级别、地位较高的)role (boss, teacher, father, customer, etc.), it gives face for you to praise your subordinates(级别、职位较低者). If you are in the inferior (级别、地位较低的)role (employee, student, salesman, etc.), your attempt to (试图)give face by praising your superior may label you a ‘poseur’ (装腔作势的人)(not aware of your own level). Alternatively(或者), praising your superior is understood as intending to curry favor (赢取好感、拍马屁). The Chinese have two colorful expressions(富有趣味的表达)describing this. A gen pi chong(跟屁虫)is a fart-following insect (‘brown noser’ in the West) who likes to pai ma pi(拍马屁)or ‘stroke the horse’s ass’. Face can be given to superior by letting them instruct you or give you face in front of others. They gain face by giving face, you gain face by retreating(退让).

Confucian hierarchies of face are no more evident(显而易见的)than in the definition of family structure(家庭结构)through language. Every familiar relationship extending out in several branches carries a distinct (明显的、确切的) term. For example, older brother (gege) and younger brother (didi) are separate terms. Paternal grandmother(父亲的母亲)(zumu) and maternal grandmother(母亲的母亲)(wai zumu, literally (字面意思) ‘outside grandmother’) carry a distinct difference in tone(语气)and apparent class(显而易见的等级). The terms for ‘Mister’ is mot telling: xiansheng means ‘firstborn’ (as in first-born male heir), a person with whom the hope and future of the family resides(存在). In contrast(相对而言), the term for ‘Miss’ is xiaojie, which means ‘little big sister.’ If you are speaking English to your Chinese counterparts, you will not need to memorize all the different relations. However, you’ll need to remember how you fit into the hierarchy of face in each particular conversation in Chinese.

In conclusion, one gains face by understanding the role one is in and what actions are appropriate(适宜的)to that role to maintain harmony(保持和谐).

1. Why is Confucian hierarchy mentioned here？()

A.It is mentioned here because it plays an important role in moral education.

B.It is mentioned here because it is an important part of the Chinese face.

C.It is mentioned here for both reasons stated in A and B.

D.It is mentioned here for some reasons other than those stated in A or B.

2. As a superior you give face ________.

A.by praising your subordinates

B.by understanding your role in the hierarchy

C.by gaining face through praising your subordinates

D.by instructing your subordinates

3.As a subordinate you give face ________.

A.by gaining face through praising your superior

B.by instructing your superior

C.by praising your superior

D.by letting your superior to give you face

4.Why is Chinese family structure mentioned here？()

A.It is mentioned here because it plays an important role in moral education.

B.It is mentioned here because it shows Confucian hierarchies of face.

C.It is mentioned here for both reasons stated in A and B.

D.It is mentioned here for some reasons other than those stated in A or B.

5.According to the author, how are face and harmony related？()

A.One gives face by understanding what harmony is.

B.One gives face by understanding what actions are appropriate to maintain harmony.

C.One gains face by understanding the role he is in and act to maintain harmony.

D.One gains face by understanding what harmony is.

Down the entrance hall of the school walk four eighth-grade students. Each one is carrying a small basket with a single egg inside. Soon more students join them-each one of them is also carrying a basket with an egg. The eggs in a basket are part of a new school program that helps young people understand that having a baby is a great duty. At the beginning of the program, the teacher puts the students in pairs-one girl and one boy. Each pair gets an egg, which they must take care of for two weeks. For those fourteen days, the students have to take care of the eggs as though they were real babies. Students whose eggs get broken have to start the two weeks all over again with a new egg. One person in each pair must have the egg with him or her at all times-twenty-four hours a day. At no time can they let the egg be out of sight. "If a teacher catches you without your egg," said one student, "she makes you go get it. They are really strict." The teachers also make the students spend half an hour each day sitting with the egg and just watching it. That can get pretty boring. But it's also something that parents spend a lot of time doing. Children say that the program has helped them understand the duties involved in having a child. "It was really hard," said one student, "You had to think all the time about the egg." (5)、From the last paragraph, we can infer that ______.

A、a program is the only way to educate children

B、one has to think about a program all the time

C、only one child grasps the purpose of the program

D、the program is of help to children's understanding of parents

llow, and they certainly don’t have a set of textbooks that are taught by all school districts throughout the country. That’s why textbooks vary greatly from school to school, and from teacher to teacher even though they are all teaching the same subject in the same grade. Some schools provide books to use, but teachers do not strictly follow them. They only use them as a reference, and enjoy pointing out mistakes and wrong information given in the books. They often share their own points of view with their students. Teaching like this has many advantages. Teachers can bring out their expertise, fully elaborating their most familiar areas. Students are more interested in what they are studying. Also this flexible teaching style. benefits students in the development of critical thinking skills and the ability to apply them. On the other hand teaching like this also has many drawbacks. It causes uneven study levels. It is even more so among different schools and districts. Students in the same grade do not usually have a thorough understanding of a subject taught in the same school year. The teacher for the following year would have to spend a lot of time finding out what the students already know or do not know in the subject before starting his/her own teaching plan. Some parts may be repeated, resulting in waste of time; and other parts may not be covered at all.

Exams in American schools are much less rigid than those in China. Teaching is flexible, so are exams. Even if you memorized the whole textbook, it might not be of much help in the exams. My Chinese friend envied me for nothaving to worry about the competition for attending the best schools by takingendless exams.

(1) What are advantages of the flexible teaching style？

A、It benefits students in the development of critical thinking skills.

B、Teachers can bring out their expertise.

C、Students may have freedom in study.

D、Both A and B.

(2) The flexible teaching style. ______.

A、may cause troubles to the teacher for the following year.

B、usually helps students to have a thorough understanding of a subject

C、makes the exam easy.

D、may save teachers’time

(3) The word drawbacks (paragraph 2) means______.

A、mistakes

B、difficulties

C、disadvantages

D、troubles

(4) From the passage we are told American teachers______.

A、have to follow a specific teaching plan.

B、dislike pointing out mistakes and wrong information given in the books.

C、teaching the same subject may use different textbooks.

D、strictly follow books provided by schools.

(5) This article is mainly about ______.

A、the advantages and disadvantages of the flexible teaching style

B、American schools

C、American teachers

D、teaching methods in American schools

Genetic Engineering

Genetic engineering began when the DNA molecule (分子), the most basic unit of life, was first described in 1953 by James Watson and Francis Crick. An understanding of DNA led to the altering of normal cell reproduction. Experiments with altering human cells began in 1970. In one of the first ex- periments, patients were injected with a virus that would produce a life-saving enzyme, but their bodies would not accept it. In 1980 patients with a rare but fatal blood disease were injected with a pu- rified gene that was cloned through DNA technology. Another failure.

Genetic engineering got a legal boost (激励) in 1980. The U. S. Supreme Court said that a patent could be granted on a genetically engineered "oil-eating" bacterium (细菌). This bacterium would help clean up oil spills. The ruling encouraged companies to invent new life forms, and three important medical products were quickly developed.

Human interferon (干扰素)-a possible solution to some cancers and viral disease A newly engineered bac-terium produced hurnan interferon as a by-product. This new product reduced the cost of interferon.

Human growth hormone-for children whose bodies do not grow to normal height. An expensive growth hormone (荷尔蒙) was previously produced from human cadavers, but by changing the genetic make-up of the single-cell bacterium E. coli, and affordable growth hormone could be produced.

Human insulin (胰岛素)-for the treatment of diabetes. People with diabetes used to rely on a beef-or pork-based product until 1982. Now insulin can be manufactured by genetically altered bacteria.

Advances in genetic engineering have continued, though they constantly must be weighted against the safety of procedures. There is clearly much more to discover.

This passage is mainly about

A.the effects of altering cells

B.the human growth hormone

C.insulin resistance

D.U. S. Supreme Court rulings

director of UK operations for Top Employers. Many companies they have researched are short of talents. Though the companies may receive many applications, they can not find the people they want.

Top Employers’ research show that offering good career chances is the key to attracting and keeping the talent. Smart employees know their own value and will want to know what their employers can offer them after five or 10 years’ career development. So, keeping staff is the biggest challenge employers face in the long run.

Yet not every employee feels that they can better their career chances. Some are still nervous about losing their jobs, despite a recent fall in unemployment, says the Trades Union Congress (TUC). TUC points out that some four-fifths of new jobs created have been in parts of the economy where average pay rates are less than £8 an hour since the recession began. Many of these jobs are on temporary or zero-hours contracts.

A report from the Office for National Statistics published in February showed that real wages have been falling consistently since 2010. It’s the longest period since at least 1964. “We’re still in the hardest living standards squeeze for over a century and those who are already working have had years of real-terms pay cuts,” says TUC spokesperson Liz Chinchen. “Understanding the pressures that staff face is a good starting point for any employer. If employers want to show concern for their staff, they should be paying them well and understand that zero-hours contracts bring insecurity and extreme money worries.”

1.According to research by Top Employers, many corporations have enough talents for their development.

2.The data shows the key to attracting talents is to offer high salary.

3.The biggest challenge for employers to is keeping staff in the long run.

4.Not all employees believe that they can get a better offer.

5.The wages have been rising consistently since 2010.

ually diminishes their chances of ever attaining real happiness. If fun and pleasure are equated with happiness, then pain must be equated with unhappiness. But, in fact, the opposite is true: more times than not, things that lead to happiness involve some pain.

As a result, many people avoid the very endeavors that are the source of true happiness. They fear the pain inevitably brought by such things as marriage, raising children, professional achievement, religious commitment, civic or charitable work, self-improvement.

Ask a bachelor why he resists marriage even though he finds dating to be less and less satisfying. If he's honest, he will tell you that he is afraid of making a commitment. For commitment is in fact quite painful. The single life is filled with fun, adventure, excitement. Marriage has such moments, but they are not its most distinguishing features.

Similarly, couples who choose not to have children are deciding in favor of painless fun over painful happiness. They can dine out whenever they feel like and sleep as late as they wish. Couples with infant children are lucky to get a whole night's sleep or a three-day vacation. I don't know any parent who would choose the word fun to describe raising children.

Understanding and accepting that true happiness has nothing to do with fun is one of the most liberating realizations we ever come to. It liberates time: now we can devote more hours to activities that can genuinely increase our happiness. It liberates money: buy that new car or those fancy clothes that will do nothing to increase our happiness now seems pointless. And it liberates us from envy: we now understand that all those rich and glamorous people we were so sure are happy because they are always having so much fun actually may not be happy at all. The moment we understand that fun does not bring happiness, we begin to live differently. The effect can be, quite literally, life-transforming.

According to the writer, people who think of happiness as fun ______.

A．are somewhat denied the chances of gaining happiness

B．will remain single although they may go dating

C．must know what true happiness is

D．should devote more time to activities

. The relationship that we share with our friends is grounded in a mutual concern as our friends help us in shaping up our personalities as well. Even in this age of online social networking, the need of expanding the network of friends, whether online or offline remains a primary concern for people. We may have a very vague understanding of what makes a friend but we all want to have a good many friends around us.

Research has shown that the quality and nature of your friends are one of the key influencing factors in achieving happiness and satisfaction. Friends often affect the health and energy of a person as well. More and more people are increasingly turning towards their friends for support and mutual sharing rather than communicating to their relatives; this sociological phenomenon has escalated the desire to make more friends. Though friendship is a relationship developed between two individuals marked by a voluntary, emotional and mutual concern, there are certain steps, which, if followed, can win you friends or at least help you get close to those whom you want to make friends with.

The first step to make friends with someone is to make them like you. If they don’t like you in the first place, it is unlikely that they’ll be eager to become your friends. To let someone know that you are genuinely interested in them, simple gestures like a little smile and calling him by his first name can lay the basic foundation. To make the other person feel important you need to be a good listener and encourage the other person to talk. Give your honest and sincere opinion but do not overtly criticize or make fun of him or her.

The second step of making someone your friend is to develop a mutual consideration between each other. You need to share his or her perspective and for that it is necessary for you to develop a tendency to see things from the other person’s point of view. To become best of friends you must show a genuine concern and consideration for your friend’s desires and opinions.

The third and final step towards friendship is to show your unconditional support and encouragement towards your friend. Moreover, you also need to be very clear about your expectations from your friend. If what you expect from the person you want to befriend matches with what that person can and want to contribute in friendship, the developing friendship between you and your friend is assured to grow, making both of you gratified with mutual emotional bonding.

Friendship has overwhelming significance on both social and individual levels. Friendship doesn’t only provide us with emotional as well as practical support but it also helps us improve our personal identities. So it is quite natural to feel the urge to reach out and make new friends, expanding your friend’s circle. Friendship remains familiar yet quite ambiguous (模糊的) for our deeper understanding, but then again, friends remain the most important ingredients in the recipe of life!

41. The relationship between friends is based on ______.

A. the social networking around friends

B. friends’ caring and helping each other

C. the style. friends choose to communicate

D. an unclear understanding of what makes a friend

42. Which of the following statements has been proved correct？

A. The better quality your friends have, the happier you will be.

B. Communication with friends is healthier than that with relatives.

C. The more friends you have, the more satisfied you are with yourself.

D. Those you like in the first place are more likely to become your friends.

43. The word “escalated” in the second paragraph probably means ______.

A. intensified B. challenged

C. shifted D. resisted

44. It can be inferred from the first suggested step that ______ is NOT likely to win you friends.

A. making others talk B. being very talkative

C. telling people you like them D. addressing others in an informal way

45. What structure does the author use to organize this passage？

A. Effect- cause. B. Comparison- contrast.

C. General- specific- general. D. Definition - explanation - example.