Explain what studies have shown about the relationship between planning and performance.

查看材料

A.women are unwilling to compete with men

B.women are better promoted in other fields

C.women are not as intelligent as men

D.women are not fond of such fields

Questions are based on the following passage．

In the 1960s and 1970s， classic social psychological studies were conducted thatprovided evidence that even normal， decent people can engage in acts of extreme crueltywhen instructed to do so by others. However， in an essay published November 20 in theopen access journal PLOS Biology， Professors Alex Haslam and Stephen Reicher revisitthese studies" conclusions and explain how awful acts involve not just obedience， butenthusiasm too——-challenging the long-held belief that human beings are "programmed"for conformity.

This belief can be traced back to two landmark empirical research （实证研究 ）programs conducted by Stanley Milgram and Philip Zimbardo in the 1960s and early1970s. Milgram"s "Obedience to Authority" research is widely believed to show thatpeople blindly conform. to the instructions of an authority figure， and Zimbardo"sStanfordPrison Experiment （SPE） is commonly understood to show that people will take onabusive roles uncritically.

However， Professor Haslam， from the University of Queensland， argues that tyrannydoes not result from blind conformity to rules and roles. Rather， it is a creative act offollowership， resulting from identifying with authorities who represent vicious （恶意的 ）acts as virtuous （善良的 ） .

"Decent people participate in horrific acts not because they become passive，mindless functionaries （公职人员 ） who do not know what they are doing， but ratherbecause they come to believe——typically under the influence of those in authority——thatwhat they are doing is right，" Professor Haslam explained.

Professor Reicher， of the University of St Andrews， added that it is not that theywere blind to the evil acts they were committing， but rather that they knew what they weredoing， and believed it to be right.

These conclusions were partly informed by Professors Haslam and Reicher"s ownprison experiment， conducted in 2002 in collaboration with the BBC. The study generatedthree findings. First， participants did not conform. automatically to their assigned role;second， they only acted in terms of group membership to the extent that they identifiedwith the group; and finally， group identity did not mean that people simply accepted theirassigned position——it also empowered them to resist it.

Although Zimbardo and Milgram"s findings remain highly influential， ProfessorHaslam argues that their conclusions do not hold up well under close empirical scrutiny.

Professor Reicher concludes that tyranny does not flourish because offendersare helpless and ignorant; it flourishes because they are convinced that they are doingsomething worthy.

What does the author mean by saying "human beings are ‘programmed‘for conformity" （Line 6， Para. I）？ 查看材料

A.Human beings are designed to defy the instructions of others.

B.Human beings are forced to listen to the advice of others.

C.Human beings are ordered to take advice of others.

D.Human beings are made to be obedient to others.

n feel theneed to appear competent in all 26,while women worry only about the skills in which they'veinvested _ 27_.Ask a man and a woman to go diving for the first time，and the woman is likely tojump in，while the man is likely to say he's not feeling too well.

Ironically，it is often success that leads people to flirt with failure.Praise won for _ 28_a skillsuddenly puts one in the position of having everything to lose.Rather than putting their reputation on theline again，many successful people develop a handicap—drinking，_ 29_，depression—that allowsthem to keep their status no matter what the future brings. An advertising executive 30_ fordepression shortly after winning an award put it this way:“Without my depression，I'd be a failure now;with it，I'm a success 'on hold.’”

In fact，the people most likely to become chronic excuse makers are those 31 _ with success.Such people are so afraid of being 32a failure at anything that they constantly develop onehandicap or another in order to explain away failure.

Though self-handicapping can be an effective way of coping with performance anxiety now and then,in the end，researchers say，it will lead to_ 33_. In the long run，excuse makers fail to live up to theirtrue_ 34_and lose the status they care so much about. And despite their protests to the _35they have only themsclves to blame.

A) contrary F) labeled K) potential

B) fatigue G) legacies L) rcalms

C) heavily H) mastering M) reciprocal

D) heaving l) momentum N) ruin

E) hospitalized J) obsessed o) viciously

(b) Explain in the context of Flavours Fine Foods, what is meant by:

(i) responsibility; (4 marks)

s.

Required:

Explain what is meant by the following terms:

(a) Hygiene factors. (8 marks)

A．had happened

B．happened

C．happen

D．would happen

What is linguistic relativity and why is it so important in linguistic studies

What is linguistic relativity and why is it so important in linguistic studies

(b) Explain what is meant by McGregor’s

(i) Theory X; (5 marks)