For me, scientific knowledge is divided into mathematical sciences, natural sciences or sciences dealing with the natural world （physical and biological sciences）, and sciences dealing with mankind （psychology, sociology, all the sciences of culture achieve ments, every kind of historical knowledge）. Apart from these sciences is philosophy about which we will talk shortly. In the first place, all this is pure or theoretical knowledge, sought only for the purpose of understanding, in order to fulfill the need to understand that is intrinsic and consubstantial （一体的） to man.英译中

It can be inferred from the passage that ______.

A．students should learn more up-to-date knowledge

B．lack of scientific knowledge will lead to poor relations between producers and users of scientific services

C．students are getting to know the importance of a good balance among the branches of knowledge

D．sufficient attention should be given to bask knowledge

一薄壁圆筒受扭转和轴向力作用，如图10—10(a)所示。若已知圆筒的平均直径D＝50 mm，壁厚δ＝2 mm，外力矩Me＝600 N？m，拉力Fp＝20 kN，试用解析法与图解法求D点指定方向面上的应力。

1所示。 假定设备荷载和操作荷载在有效分布宽度内产生的等效荷载标准值6.0kN/me，楼面板面层和吊顶标准值1.5kN/m2，试问，在计算楼板抗弯承载力时中间支座负弯矩设计值M(kN·m/m)，应与下列何项数值最为接近？ 提示：双跨连续板在⑧、⑧轴线按简支座考虑。 (A)9.5 (B)11.5 (C)13.5 (D)15.5

. I find the result humiliating(使丢脸) to me. For it obliges me to give up my support for the Darwinian theory of the Ascent of Man from the Lower Animals; since it now seems plain to me that that theory ought to be replaced by a new and truer one, the Descent of Man from the Higher Animals.

In proceeding towards this unpleasant conclusion I have not guessed or speculated, but have used what is commonly called the scientific method. That is to say, I have subjected every hypothesis to the test of actual experiment, and have adopted it or rejected it according to the result.

Many men who have accumulated more money than they can ever use have shown a violent hunger for more, and have not hesitated to cheat the ignorant and the helpless of their poor savings in order to satisfy that appetite. I furnished a hundred different kinds of wild animals the opportunity to accumulate vast stores of food, but none of them would do it. The bees and certain birds made accumulations, but stopped when they had gathered a winter's supply, and could not be persuaded to add to it either honestly or by deception. These experiments convinced me that there is the difference between man and the higher animals: he is greedy, they are not.

Man is the only animal that robs his helpless fellow of his country—takes possession of it and drives him out of it or destroys him. Man has done this in all the ages. There is not an acre of ground on the globe that is held by its rightful owner, or that has not been taken away from owner after owner, by force and bloodshed.

Man is the Reasoning Animal. Such is the claim. I think it is open to debate. Indeed, my experiments have proven to me that he is the Unreasoning Animal. His record is the fantastic record of a maniac(狂热者). I consider that the strongest count against his intelligence is the fact that with that record back of him he still sets himself up as the head animal of the lot: whereas by his own standards he is the bottom one.

The writer claims that his theory is ______.

A．practical

B．objective

C．subjective

D．scientific

Ancient man attempted to change the weather by using magic. While experience taught him this was impossible, __1__he tried to forecast weather conditions. Even earlier in __2__1000 B.C.there were weather seers in Babylon----and priests clever enough to denounce as frauds those predicted __3__the weather a year in the advance. Some forecasters used __4__methods that seemed to take no connection with the actual __5__factors controlled the weather. Chickens and other animals __6__were sacrificed and their intestines poked to find signs indicating rain and drought. Somewhat more scientific were __7__predictions based on vegetation:"Onion's skin very thin ,mild weather coming in. Onion's skin thick and tough, coming weather is cold and rough." Insects and animals were also __8__favorite weather clues: "Before the glowworm lights his __9__lamp , then the air is always damp ." "If spiders their cobwebs forsake , the weather will for certain break ." "If frogs remained in pools , the weather will be fine . If they were seen on rocks, __10__rain and cold were due." It's difficult to say whether this rhyme should be taken seriously : " Hark , I hear the asses bray . Me thinks we'll have some rain today .

Nowadays most peopledecide quite earlywhat kind of work they would do. When I was at school,We ha to choose 11_________ When we were fifteen. I chose scientific subjects. "In the future. science will earn a lot of money." my parents said. 12_________ l tried to learn physics and chemistry,but in the end l decided that I 13_________ a scientist. It was a long time before I told my parents that I wasn't happy at school. "I didn't think you were." said my mother." 14_________ "said my father. "Well, the best thing to do now is to look for a job. "

I talked about it with my friends Frank and Lesley. 15_________ of them could sugget anything. but they promised that they would ask their friends. A few days later 16_________ was still in bed. someone telephoned. "ls that Miss Jenkins？" a man's voice asked. " I 17_________ your hobby is photography and I've got a job that might interest you in my clothe factory. My name is Mr. Thomson." He seemed pleasant on the phone so I went to see him. I was so excited that I almost forgot 18_________ goodbye. "Good luck!" my mother said to me.

I arrived 19_________ early and when Mr. Thomson came he asked me if I had been waiting a long time. "No, not long." I replied. After talking to me for about twenty minutes he offered me a job - not as a photographer though, 20_________ a model!

11.A.what be studied B.what should study C.what to study D.what studied

12.A.In three years B.For three years C.After three years D.Three years

13.A.never would be B.would be never C.would not be ever D.would never be

14.A.I didn't either B.Nor I did C.So didn't I D.Also didn't I

15.A.Not all B.Neither C.Nor D.Both

16.A.since B.while C.before D.whereas

17.A.understand B .recognize C.suggest D.inform

18.A.speaking B.to say C.to speak D.saying

19.A.a lot B.much C.a bit D.more

20.A.as B.being C.to be D.but

labs are bigger, problems are more complicated, and more different subspecialties are needed. But it's also because U.S. government agencies have started to promote "team science". As physics developed in the post-World War II era, federal funds built expensive national facilities, and these served as surfaces on which collaborations could crystallize naturally.

Yet multiple authorship—however good it may be in other ways--presents problems for journals and for the institutions in which these authors work. For the journals, long lists of authors are hard to deal with in themselves. But those long lists give rise to more serious questions when something goes wrong with the paper. If there is research misconduct, how should the liability be allocated among the authors？ If there is an honest mistake in one part of the work but not in others, how should an evaluator aim his or her review？

Various practical or impractical suggestions have emerged during the long-standing debate on this issue. One is that each author should provide, and the journal should then publish, an account of that author's particular contribution to the work. But a different view of the problem, and perhaps of the solution, comes as we get to university committee on appointments and promotions, which is where the authorship rubber really meets the road. Half a lifetime of involvement with this process has taught me how much authorship matters. I have watched committees attempting to decode sequences of names, agonize over whether a much-cited paper was really the candidate's work or a coauthor's, and send back recommendations asking for more specificity about the division of responsibility.

Problems of this kind change the argument, supporting the case for asking authors to define their own roles. After all, if quality judgments about individuals are to be made on the basis of their personal contributions, then the judges better know what they did. But if questions arise about the validity of the work as a whole, whether as challenges to its conduct or as evaluations of its influence in the field, a team is a team, and the members should share the credit or the blame.

According to the passage, there is a tendency that scientific papers ______

A．are getting more complicated

B．are dealing with bigger problems

C．are more of a product of team work

D．are focusing more on natural than on social sciences

iences dealing with the natural world (physical and biological sciences), and sciences dealing with mankind (psychology, sociology, all the sciences of cultural achievements, every kind of historical knowledge).

Apart from these sciences is philosophy, about which we will talk later. In the first place, all this is pure or theoretical knowledge, sought only for the purpose of understanding, in order to fulfill the need to understand that is intrinsic and con-substantial to man. What distinguishes man from animals is that he knows and needs to know. If man did not know that the world existed, and that the world was of a certain kind, that he was in the world and that he himself was of a certain kind, he wouldn't be man. The technical aspects or applications of knowledge are equally necessary for man and are of the greatest importance, because they also contribute to defining him as man and permit him to pursue a life increasingly more truly human.

But even while enjoying the results of technical progress, man must defend the primacy and autonomy of pure knowledge. Knowledge sought directly for its practical applications will have immediate and foreseeable success, but not the kind of important result whose revolutionary scope is for the most part unforeseen, except by the imagination of the Utopians. Let me recall a well-known example. If the Greek mathematicians had not applied themselves to the investigation of conic section zealously and without the least suspicion that it might someday be useful, it would not have been possible centuries later to navigate far from shore. The first men to study the nature of electricity could not imagine that their experiments, carried on because of mere intellectual curiosity, 'would eventually lead to modern electrical technology, without which we can scarcely conceive of contemporary life.

Pure knowledge is valuable for its own sake, because the human spirit cannot resign itself to ignorance. But, in addition, it is the foundation for practical results that would not have been reached if this knowledge had not been sought disinterestedly.

The author does not include among the sciences the study of

A．literature.

B．chemistry.

C．astronomy.

D．anthropology.

根据下列材料，请回答 31～35 题：

In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.

Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform. a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.

Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.

Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.

In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim – a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”

第 31 题 According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its

[A] uncertainty and complexity.

[B] misconception and deceptiveness.

[C] logicality and objectivity.

[D] systematicness and regularity.

Linguistics is scientific because it is helpful to language use.()