In economics production just means the manufacturing of physical goods with exchange v

11. Marketing makes it easier for customers to do （) with you.12.（) is the key to contin

11. Marketing makes it easier for customers to do () with you.

12.() is the key to continued prosperity.

13. A product is everything that one receives in an exchange, including all () and expected benefits.

14. International business () all business act1v1t1es that involve exchanges across national boundaries.

15. Compensation programs include wages and salaries, incentives and () for workers.

16.() is the study of how wealth is created and distributed.

17. One () for evaluating, the performance of an economic system is to assess changes in productivity, which is the average level of output per worker per hour.

18. Selling something at a reduced price is called giving a ().

19. The rise in () prices is expected to be between 3. 5 % and 4. 5 % this year.

20. They expect to create 1450 () worldwide by the end of next year.

discount economics jobs raw material

benefits business attributes

innovation criterion encompasses

nd economics for the purpose of helping them prepare to succeed in a world economy.11 The organization is the largest of its kind.

Junior Achievement has gone through different stages in its development. 12 It was started by two business leaders, Horace Moses and Theodore Vail, and Senator Murray Crane in 1919 in Springfield, Massachusetts. The organization started with a small number of children aged ten to twelve. For more than 50 years, Junior Achievement programs met after school as a group of business clubs. But in 1975, Junior Achievement began to offer classes during school hours. Many more young people joined the organization once it began to teach business skills as part of the school day. In 2004, Junior Achievement Worldwide was formed.

The Junior Achievement programs teach about businesses, how they are organized, and how products are made and sold.13 The programs also teach about the American and world economies and business operations. Young people can learn how entrepreneurship works by operating their own companies. For instance, the students develop a product and sell shares in their company. They use the money to buy the materials they need to make their product, which they then sell. Finally, they return the profits to the people who bought shares in the company. It is reported that in the United States alone, there are more than 22,000 places that hold Junior Achievement events currently. According to Junior Achievement, about 287,000 volunteers support its programs around the world.

1.This passage is about Junior Achievement，an international movement to educate young people about businesses and economics.（）

2.Junior Achievement was started by two business leaders in Massachusetts.（）

3.Classes during school hours have been available in Junior Achievement for more than 60 years.（）

4.Junior Achievement has been worldwide since 1919.（）

5.Volunteers of Junior Achievement teach about the American and world economies and business operations.（）

erm. The layman, for example, often used the term to mean the amount that is demanded of an item. Thus,if the price were to decrease and individuals wanted more of the item, it is commonly said that demand increases. To an economist, demand is a relationship between a series of prices and a series of corresponding quantities that are demanded at these prices. If one reads the previous sentences carefully, it should become apparent that there is a distinction between the quantity demanded and demand. This distinction is often a point of confusion and we all should be aware of and understand the difference between these two items. We repeat, therefore, that demand is a relationship between price and quantities demanded,and therefore suggests the effect of one(e.g., price)on the other(e.g. quantity demanded). Therefore, knowledge of the demand for a product enables one to predict how much more of a product will be purchased if price decreases. But the increase in quantity demanded does not mean demand has increased, since the relationship between price and quantity(i.e., the demand for the product)has not changed. Demand shifts when there is a change in income, expectations, tastes,etc., such that a different quantity of the product is demanded at the same price. In almost all cases, a consumer wants more of an item if the price decreases. This relationship between price and quantity demanded is so strong that it is referred to as thelaw of demand". This"law"can be explained by the income and substitution effects. The income effect occurs because price increas-es reduce the purchasing power of the individual and,thus,the quantity demanded of goods must de-crease. The substitution effect reflects the consumers desire to get the "best buy". Accordingly, if the price of product A increases, the individual will tend to substitute another product and purchase less of goods A. The negative correlation between price and quantity demanded is also explained by the law of diminishing marginal utility. According to this law, the additional utility the consumer gains from consum-ing a product decreases as successively more units of the product are consumed. Because the additional units yield less utility or satisfaction, the consumer is willing to purchase more only if the price of the product decreases. Economists distinguish between individual and market demand. As the term implies, individual demand concerns the individual consumer and illustrate the quantities that individuals demand at different prices. Market demand includes the demand of all individuals for a particular goods and is found by summing the quantities demanded by all individuals at the various prices. The other side of the price system is supply. As in the case of demand, supply is a relationship between a series of prices and the associated quantities supplied. It is assumed that as price increases the individual or firm will supply greater quantities of a product. There is a positive correlation between quantity supplied and product price. Economists also distinguish between a change in supply and quantity supplied. The distinction is similar to the one made with respect to demand. Also, as in the case of demand, economists distinguish between individual firm supply and market supply, which is the summation of individual supply. Taken together, supply and demand yield equilibrium of price and quantity. Equilibrium is a state of stability, with balanced forces in which prices and quantity will remain constant. Moreover, there are forces in the market that will act to establish equilibrium if changes in demand or supply create disequilibrium. For example, if prices are above equilibrium, the quantity supplied exceeds quantity demanded and surpluses occur that have a downward pressure on prices. These pressures will persist until equilibrium is established. If prices are below equilibrium, the product will become scare and there will be an upward pressure on price.

According to the passage, demand_____.

A．increases as price decreases

B．can be predicted if there is a change in price

C．remains constant at the same price

D．is influenced by changes in the consumer"s income and tastes

n part from the blurring of boundaries between science and technology，between discovery and manufacture． Most government，perhaps all governments，justify public expenditure on scientific research in terms of the economic benefits the scientific enterprise ha brought in the past and will bring in the future． Politicians remind their voters of the splendid machines ‘our scientists’ have invented，the new drugs to relieve old ailments （病痛），and the new surgical equipment and techniques by which previously intractable （难治疗的） conditions may now be treated and lives saved． At the same time，the politicians demand of scientists that they tailor their research to ‘economics needs’，that they award a higher priority to research proposals that are ‘near the market’ and can be translated into the greatest return on investment in the shortest time． Dependent，as they are，on politicians for much of their funding，scientists have little choice but to comply． Like the rest of us，they are members of a society that rates the creation of wealth as the greatest possible good． Many have reservations，but keep them to themselves in what they perceive as a climate hostile to the pursuit of understanding for its own sake and the idea of an inquiring，creative spirit．

In such circumstances no one should be too hard on people who are suspicious of conflicts of interest． When we learn that the distinguished professor assuring us of the safety of a particular product holds a consultancy with the company making it，we cannot be blamed for wondering whether his fee might conceivably cloud his professional judgment． Even if the professor holds no consultancy with any firm，some people many still distrust him because of his association with those who do，or at least wonder about the source of some his research funding．

This attitude can have damaging effects． It questions the integrity of individuals working in a profession that prizes intellectual honesty as the supreme virtue，and plays into the hands of those who would like to discredit scientists by representing then a venal （可以收买的）． This makes it easier to dismiss all scientific pronouncements，but especially those made by the scientists who present themselves as ‘experts’． The scientist most likely to understand the safety of a nuclear reactor，for example，is a nuclear engineer declares that a reactor is unsafe，we believe him，because clearly it is not to his advantage to lie about it． If he tells us it is safe，on the other hand，we distrust him，because he may well be protecting the employer who pays his salary．

第31题：What is the chief concern of most governments when it comes to scientific research？

A．Support from the votes．

B．The reduction of public expenditure．

C．Quick economics returns．

D．The budget for a research project．

规模经济(economics of scale)

A.During the economics class.

B.Before the economics class.

C.In a few minutes.

D.The next day.

A.经济学

B.无止境地，不断地

C.支付

D.装配工

To most of the students, Economics ()always an important subject, also a difficult one.

A、is

B、are

C、have been

D、was

The Prize in Economics()in 1968, that is, more than half a century ago.

A. establish

B. established

C. was established