francis bacon , one of the most important philosophers of england , was born in london and educated at cambridge university .when he was only 15, he went to france to work for the english ambassador（大使）.two years later he went up to england to study law .at the age of twenty － three he was elected to parliament（议会）.his ideas about how scientists should study things in nature help to bring about the modern way of thinking , caled the scientific method .one of the bacon best - known books was his essays .each essay was a short piece of writing in which he tried to give a lesson by discussing sides of a subject such as studying , conversation , friends and healthful living .in many of his books , bacon explainedhow scientists should study things as they realy exist in nature and then try to figure out what caused a particular thing to be as it is .later , by doing experiments , the scientist could see that any cause would always have the same result .this method , which is called inductive（归纳）reasoning , is used by al the scientists today , but it was new in bacon 's time .54.Which of the folowing is true ?（）A.Francis Bacon was the most important philosopher of England .B .Francis Bacon had good education .C.Francis Bacon worked for a French ambassador at the age of 15.D.Francis Bacon stayed in France until he was 23.55.Francis Bacon was famous for（）.A.inventing the scientific method of studying things in natureB.his booksC.his essaysD.being a member of parliament56.His essay gave many useful lessons on（）A.studyingB.conversationC.friends and healthful livingD.all of the above57.“ Inductive reasoning ” means（）.A.to discover general laws from particular facts or examplesB.to reach a conclusion by reasoning from general laws to a particular caseC.to study things as they used to beD.to study things in a particular way58.Which of the following is NOT true ?（）A.Bacon was a learned man .B.Bacon did a lot for philosophy .C.the inductive reasoning was widely used both today and in bacon's timeD.Bacon gave scientists much useful advice .

A、 Geoffrey Chaucer

B、 Sir Gawain

C、 Francis Bacon

D、 John Dryden

Francis Bacon is well-known for his style. of being romantic.()

A.Francis Bacon

B.William Shakespeare

C.John Milton

D.Jonathan Swift

A.Shakespeare

B.Francis Bacon

C.Spencer

D.Thomas Wyatt

A.Benjamin Franklin

B.Francis Bacon

C.Joseph Needham

D.Einstein

A.John Milton

B.Francis Bacon

C.Stephen Hawing

D.John Rockefeller

A. essays

B. poems

C. works

D. plays

A.oems

B.fiction

C.lays

D.essays

tion of the authority of experiment and observation over that of reason, intuition, and convention. Bacon thought that as more and more reliable and precise particular facts accumulate, they can be classified and generalized, resulting in an ever-expanding hierarchy of useful "axioms". This is what he meant by "induction".

Although many people today continue to regard the collection of facts and their arrangement by induction into theories as the heart of scientific method, Bacon's conception of what facts and theories are and of the relationship between them was hopelessly unrealistic even in his own time. The most important early scientific discoveries---such as those made by Galileo about the movement of the earth, by Keppler about the elliptical shape of planetary orbits, and later by Newton about the "force" of gravity--could never have been made if Bacon's rules had prevailed.

Determined to avoid all premature speculations, Bacon proposed that data gathering be carried out by illiterate assistants with no interest in whether an experiment turned out one way or another. Plain facts, properly arranged, would automatically lead to certain knowledge of the universe. Nothing could be more misrepresentative of the actual problem-solving techniques of the scientific method. That plain facts do not speak for themselves is evident from Bacon's own acceptance of the errors contained in what appeared to be the most "obvious'' of facts. For Bacon, that the earth did not move was a fact because it could be seen not to move; and for Bacon it was a fact that life was being spontaneously generated because maggots always developed in putrid flesh and frogs appeared after every rain.

What is clear is that the great breakthroughs of Newton, Darwin, or Marx could never have been achieved solely on the basis of Baconian fact gathering. Facts are always unreliable without theories which guide their collection and which distinguish between superficial and significant appearances.

According to Bacon, facts______.

A．are determined by observations

B．can only be understood through logical reasoning

C．have a hierarchy

D．are gathered by illiterate assistants