primary health care的含义是（)A.低级的卫生服务B.初步的卫生服务C.社会主义初级阶段的卫生服

Primary Health Care (名词解释)：

初级卫生保健(primary health care，PHC)

“ Primary Health Care”是指()。

A.低级卫生保健

B.初级健康关怀

C.基本卫生保健

D.基础卫生保健

初级卫生保健(primary health care )的概念是()

A、在1977年世界卫生大会上提出

B、在1998年世界卫生大会上提出

C、在1948年世界卫生组织成立宣言中提出

D、世界卫生组织1978年在阿拉木图提出

A.全民需要的基本卫生服务

B.初步的卫生服务

C.社会主义初级阶段的卫生服务

D.低级的卫生服务

A.低级的卫生服务

B.初步的卫生服务

C.社会主义初级阶段卫生服务

D.适合我国农村的卫生服务

E.全民需要基本卫生服务

第三篇

In most sectors of the economy, it is the seller who attempts to attract a potential buyer with various inducements of price, quality and utility, and it is the buyer who makes the decision. In the health care industry, however, the doctor-patient relation- ship is the mirror image of the ordinary relationship between producer and consumer. Once an individual has chosen to see a physician, the physician usually makes all significant purchasing decisions: whether the patient should return "nest Wednesday" whether X-rays are needed, whether drugs should be prescribed, etc.

This is particularly significant in relation to hospital care. The physician must certify the need for hospitalization, determine what procedures will be performed, and announce when the patient may be discharged. The patient may be consulted about some of these decisions, but in the main it is the doctor' s judgments that are final. Little wonder then that in the eyes of the hospital it is the physician who is the real "consumer. "As a consequence, the medical staff represents the "power center" in hospital policy and decision-making, not the administration.

Although usually there are in this situation four identifiable participants, the physician, the hospital, the patient and the payer(generally an insurance carrier or government), the physician makes the essential decision for all of them. The hospital becomes an extension of the physicians; the payer generally meets most of the bona fide bills generated by the physician/hospital and for the most part, the patient's plays a passive role. In routine or minor illness or just plain worries, the patient's options are of course, much greater with respect to use and price. But in illnesses that are of some significance, such choice tends to evaporate. And it is for these illnesses that the bulk of the health care dollar is spent. We estimate that about 75 N 80 percent of health care expenditures are determined by physicians, not patients. For this reason, economy measures directed at patients or the general public are relatively ineffective.

The author's primary purpose is______。

A. to criticize doctors for exercising too much control over patients

B. to analyze some important economic factors in health care

C. to urge hospitals to reclaim their decision-making authority

D. to inform. potential patients of their health care rights

acations help the couple to maintain their health and emotional well­being­­and it’s no surprise to health care professionals.

“Rest, relaxation, and stress reduction are very important for people’s well­being and health. This can be accomplished through daily activities, such as exercise and meditation, but vacation is an important part of this as well, ” said primary care physician Natasha Withers from One Medical Group in New York. Withers lists a decreased risk of heart disease and improved reaction time as some of the benefits from taking some time off.“We also know that the mind is very powerful and can help with healing，so a rested，relaxed mind is able to help the body heal better, ” said Withers.

Psychologists confirm the value of vacations for the mind.“The impact that taking a vacation has on one’s mental health is great, ” said Francine Lederer, a clinical psychologist in Los Angeles who specializes in stress and relationship management.“Most people have better life perspective and are more motivated to achieve their goals after a vacation，even if it is a 24­hour time­out.” The trips could be good for their health, good for their family and good for their businesses.

The online travel agency Expedia conducted a survey about vacation time in 2010, and according to their data the average American earned 18 vacation days—but only used 14 of them. France topped the list, with the average worker earning 37 vacation days and using all but two of them. Americans’ responses may not be surprising in a culture where long hours on the job often are valued, but that’s not always good for the individual, the family or the employer.

Psychologists have also found that people who don’t take enough time to relax may find it harder to relax in the future.“Without time and opportunity to do this，the nerve connections that produce feelings of calm and peacefulness become weaker, making it actually more difficult to shift into less­stressed states, ” Mulhern said.

阅读B-16题干中Passage One材料，完成本题。

B-17.According to Natasha Withers，vacations can________.

A、weaken reaction system

B、cure serious diseases

C、reduce the level of well­being

D、decrease the risk of heart disease

阅读B-16题干中Passage One材料，完成本题。

B-20.What is mainly talked about in the text？

A、Ways to relax in one’s free time.

B、The benefits of taking time off.

C、Different opinions on holidays.

D、The Hostetlers always on the go.

" PrimAry HeAlth BAre"是指“低级卫生保健”。()

简述Newman的健康照顾系统模式(health care system model)的构成。