For centuries men dreamed of achieving vertical flight. In 400 A. D. Chinese children play

Men ________ at the stars using telescopes for centuries now.

A. have been looking

B. looked

C. had looked

D. have been looked

The fork was an ancient agricultural tool, but for centuries no one thought of eating with it. Not until the eleventh century, when a young lady from Constantinpole brought her fork to Italy, did the custom reach Europe.

By the fifteenth century the use of the fork was widespread in Italy. The English explanation was that Italians were averse to rating food touched with fingers, "Seeing all men's fingers are not alike clean." English travelers kept their friends in stitches while describing this ridiculous Italian custom.

Anyone who used a fork to eat with was laughed at in England for the next hundred years. Men who used forks were thought to be sissies, and women who used them were called show - offs and overnice. Not until the late 1600's did using a fork become a common custom.

The custom of eating with a fork was ______ .

A．brought to Europe from America

B．begun when forks were invented

C．brought to Europe from Asia

D．invented by Italians

The fork was an ancient agricultural tool， but for centuries no one thought of eating with it. Not until the eleventh century， when a young lady from Constantinople brought her fork to Italy， did the custom reach Europe.

By the fifteenth century the use of the fork was widespread in Italy. The English explanation was that Italians were averse to eating food touched with fingers， “Seeing all men‘s fingers are not alike clean.” English travellers kept their friends in stitches while describing this ridiculous Italian custom.

Anyone who used a fork to eat with was laughed at in England for the next hundred years. Men who used forks were thought to be sissies， and women who used them were called show-offs and overnice. Not until the late 1600‘s did using a fork become a common custom.

76. The custom of eating with a fork was _______.

A.brought to Europe from America

B.begun when forks were invented

C.brought to Europe from Asia

D.invented by Italians

To English travellers in Italy， the use of forks seemed _______.A.clever

B.necessary

C.good manner

D.ridiculous

By the fifteenth century forks were used _______.A.all over Italy

B.only in Constantinople

C.widely in Europe

D.In England

In England， people who used forks at that time were considered ______.A.well mannered

B.sissies

C.show-offs and overnice

D.both B and C

The English thought that Italians used forks in order to ________.A.imitate the people of the East

B.keep their food clean

C.impress visitors with their good manners

D.amuse the English

请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析，谢谢！

Part A

Directions :

Read the following three texts. Answer the questions on each text by' choosing A, B, Cor D. Mark your answers on，ANSWER SHEET1.

Text 1

Whenever Catherine Brown, a 37-year-old journalist, and her friends, professionals in their 30s and early 40s, meet at a London cafe, their favorite topic of conversation is relationships: men's reluctance to commit, women's independence, and when to have children-or, increasing-Iy， whether to have them at all. "With the years passing my chances of having a child go down, but I won't marry anyone just to have a child," says Brown. To people like Brown, babies are great-if the timing is right. But they're certainly not essential.

In much of the world, having kids is no longer a given. "Never before has childlessness been an understandable decision for women and men in so many societies," says Frank Hakim at the London School of Economics. Young people are extending their child-free adulthood by postponing children until they are well into their 30s, or even 40s and beyond.

A growing share are ending up with no children at all. Lifetime childlessness in western Germany has hit 30 percent among university-educated women, and is rapidly rising among lower-classmen. In Britain, the number of women remaining childless has doubled in 20 years.

The latest trend of childlessness does not follow historic patterns. For centuries it was not unusual for a quarter of European women to remain childless. But in the past，childlessness was usually the product of poverty or disaster, of missing men in times of war. Today the decision to have-or not have-a child is the result of a complex combination of factors, including relationships, career opportunities, lifestyle. and economics.

In some cases childlessness among women can be seen as a quiet form. of protest. In Japan, support for working mothers hardly exists. Child care is expensive, men don't help out, and some companies strongly discourage mothers from returning to work. "In Japan, it's career or child，"says writer Kaori Haishi . It's not just women who are deciding against children; according to a re-cent study, Japanese men are even less inclined to marry or want a child. Their motivations, though, may have more to do with economic factors.

46. Catherine Brown and her friends feel that having children is not _________

[ A] totally wise

[ B] a huge problem

[ C] a rational choice

[ D ] absolutely necessary

Although the birth rate continued to decline from its high level of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries the population roughly doubled every generation during the rest of the nineteenth century. As the population grew, its make up also changed. Massive waves of immigration brought new ethnic groups into the country. Geographic and social mobility — downward as well as upward — touched almost everyone. Local studies indicate that nearly three quarters of the population in the North and South, in the emerging cities — the Northeast and in the restless rural counties of the West — changed their residence each decade. As a consequence, historian David Donald has written, "Social atomization affected every segment of society," and it seemed to many people that "all the recognized values of orderly civilization were gradually being eroded.

Rapid industrialization and increased geographic mobility in the nineteenth century had special implications for women because these changes tended to magnify social distinctions. As the roles of men and women played in society became more rigidly defined, so did the roles they played in the home. In the context of extreme competitiveness and dizzying social change, the household lost many of its earlier functions and the home came to serve as a haven of tranquility and order. As the size of families decreased, the roles of husband and wife became more clearly differentiated than ever before. In the middle class especially, men participated in the productive economy while women ruled the home and served as the custodians of civility and culture. The intimacy of marriage that was common in earlier periods was rent, and a gulf that at times seemed unbridgeable was created between husbands and wives.

What does the passage mainly discuss？

A．The economic development of the United States in the eighteenth century.

B．Ways in which economic development led to social changes in the United States.

C．Population growth in the western United States.

D．The increasing availability of industrial jobs for women in the United States.

根据下列文章,请回答 41～45 题。

Effects of Exercise on Elderly Diabetics(糖尿病人)

Most older people with S0—called type 2 diabetes(糖尿病)couldstop taking insulin(胰岛素)if they would do brisk(轻快的)exercise for 30minutes just three times a week，according to new medical research resultsreported in a Copenhagen newspaper．Results from tests conducted on diabeticsat the Copenhagen central hospital Rigshospitalet'S Center for Muscle Researchshowed that physical exercise can boost the body's ability to make use ofinsulin by 30 per cent．This is equal to the effect most elderly diabetics getfrom their insulin medication(药物治疗)today．

Researchers had a group of non-diabetic men and agroup of men with type 2 diabetes，all more than 60 years of age，exercise onbicycles six times a week for three months．After the three months the doctorsmeasured how much sugar the test subjects,muscles could make use of as ameasure for how well their insulin worked．

Associate Professor Dr Flemming Dela of the Muscle Research Center saidthe tests demonstrated that the exercising diabetics had made as good use of insulinas the healthy non．diabetic persons．“This means that the insulin works just aswell for both groups．Physical exercise cannot cure people of diabetes，but itcan eliminate almost all their symptoms．At the same time It can put off thepoint at which they have to begin taking insulin．”Dela said．

Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas(胰腺)，controlling sugar inthe body and is used against diabetes．

Dela said that to achieve the desired effect diabetics need onlyexercise to the point where they begin to sweat。but that the activity has to bemaintained since it wears off after five days without sufficient exercise．

Most diabetics realize that they have to watch their diet whileremaining unaware of the importance of exercise。Dela added．

第 41 题 What is the effect of exercise on elderlypeople with type 2 diabetes？

A．It can help the body make betteruse of insulin

B．It can worsen their symptoms．

C．It can help them to eat more．

D．It can cure them of thedisease．

Passage Four Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.

In 1854 my great-grandfather, Morris Marable, was sold on an auction block in Georgia for $500. For his white slave master, the sale was just “business as usual.” But to Morris Marable and his heirs, slavery was a crime against our humanity. This pattern of human rights violations against enslaved African-Americans continued under racial segregation for nearly another century.

The fundamental problem of American democracy in the 21st century is the problem of “structural racism” the deep patterns of socio-economic inequality and accumulated disadvantage that are coded by race, and constantly justified in public speeches by both racist stereotypes and white indifference. Do Americans have the capacity and vision to remove these structural barriers that deny democratic rights and opportunities to millions of their fellow citizens？

This country has previously witnessed two great struggles to achieve a truly multicultural democracy.

The First Reconstruction (1865-1877) ended slavery and briefly gave black men voting rights, but gave no meaningful compensation for two centuries of unpaid labor. The promise of “40 acres and a mule (骡子)”was for most blacks a dream deferred (尚未实现的).

The Second Reconstruction (1954-1968), or the modern civil rights movement, ended legal segregation in public accommodations and gave blacks voting rights. But these successes paradoxically obscure the tremendous human costs of historically accumulated disadvantage that remain central to black Americans’ lives.

The disproportionate wealth that most whites enjoy today was first constructed from centuries of unpaid black labor. Many white institutions, including some leading universities, insurance companies and banks, profited from slavery. This pattern of white privilege and black inequality continues today.

Demanding reparations (赔偿) is not just about compensation for slavery and segregation. It is, more important, an educational campaign to highlight the contemporary reality of “racial deficits” of all kinds, the unequal conditions that impact blacks regardless of class. Structural racism’s barriers include “equity inequity.” the absence of black capital formation that is a direct consequence of America’s history. One third of all black households actually have negative net wealth. In 1998 the typical black family’s net wealth was $16,400, less than one fifth that of white families. Black families are denied home loans at twice the rate of whites.

Blacks remain the last hired and first fired during recessions. During the 1990-91 recession, African-Americans suffered disproportionately. At Coca-Cola, 42 percent of employees who lost their jobs were blacks. At Sears, 54 percent were black, Blacks have significantly shorter life spans, in part due to racism in the health establishment. Blacks are statistically less likely than whites to be referred for kidney transplants or early-stage cancer surgery.

36. To the author, the auction of his great-grandfather is a typical example of ________.

A) crime against humanity

B) unfair business transaction

C) racial conflicts in Georgia

D) racial segregation in America

Apart from these sciences is philosophy, about which we will talk later. In the first place, all this is pure or theoretical knowledge, sought only for the purpose of understanding, in order to fulfill the need to understand that is intrinsic and con-substantial to man. What distinguishes man from animals is that he knows and needs to know. If man did not know that the world existed, and that the world was of a certain kind, that he was in the world and that he himself was of a certain kind, he wouldn't be man. The technical aspects or applications of knowledge are equally necessary for man and are of the greatest importance, because they also contribute to defining him as man and permit him to pursue a life increasingly more truly human.

But even while enjoying the results of technical progress, man must defend the primacy and autonomy of pure knowledge. Knowledge sought directly for its practical applications will have immediate and foreseeable success, but not the kind of important result whose revolutionary scope is for the most part unforeseen, except by the imagination of the Utopians. Let me recall a well-known example. If the Greek mathematicians had not applied themselves to the investigation of conic section zealously and without the least suspicion that it might someday be useful, it would not have been possible centuries later to navigate far from shore. The first men to study the nature of electricity could not imagine that their experiments, carried on because of mere intellectual curiosity, 'would eventually lead to modern electrical technology, without which we can scarcely conceive of contemporary life.

Pure knowledge is valuable for its own sake, because the human spirit cannot resign itself to ignorance. But, in addition, it is the foundation for practical results that would not have been reached if this knowledge had not been sought disinterestedly.

The author does not include among the sciences the study of

A．literature.

B．chemistry.

C．astronomy.

D．anthropology.