The First Settlement in North AmericaIt is very difficult to say just when colonization be

A.1901

B.1788

C.1770

D.1787

The first permanent English settlement in America was established at

A. Sagadahoc．

B. Jamestown．

C. Chesapeake Bay．

D. Island of Roanoke．

th America s Federal Trade Commission(FTC)announced that it had reached a【C2】______settlement with the giant social network over【C3】______that it had misled people about its use of their personal data. The details of the settlement make clear that Facebook, which【C4】______over 800 m users, betrayed its users trust. It is also notable because it appears to be part of a broader【C5】______by the FTC to craft a new privacy framework to deal with the rapid【C6】______of social networks in America. The regulator s findings come at a【C7】______moment for Facebook, which is said to be preparing for an initial public offering next year that could value it at around $100 billion. To【C8】______the way for its listing, the firm first needs to resolve its privacy【C9】______with regulators in America and Europe,【C10】______its willingness to negotiate the settlement【C11】______this week. Announcing the agreement, the FTC said it had found a number of cases where Facebook had made claims that were " unfair and deceptive, and【C12】______federal law". For instance, it【C13】______personally identifiable information to advertisers, and it failed to keep a promise to make photos and videos on deleted accounts【C14】______. The settlement does not【C15】______an admission by Facebook that it has broken the law, but it deeply【C16】______the company nonetheless. In a blog post published the same day, Mark Zuckerberg, Facebook s boss, tried to【C17】______the impact of the deal. First he claimed that " a small number of high-profile mistakes" were【C18】______the social networks "good history" on privacy. The FTC is not relying on Facebook to police itself. Among other things, the company will now have to seek consumers approval before it changes the way it shares their data. And it has agreed to an independent privacy audit every two years for the next 20 years. There is a clear pattern here. In separate cases over the past couple of years the FTC has insisted that Twitter and Google accept regular【C19】______audits, too, after each firm was accused of violating its customers privacy. The intent seems to be to create a regulatory regime that is tighter than the status quo,【C20】______one that still gives social networks plenty of room to innovate.

【C1】

A．setting

B．playing

C．lighting

D．turning

The American victory in the Revolutionary War united 13 of the English-speaking settlements into the largest and most powerful political unit in the territory , even though those first 13 states hugging the eastern coast seem small compared with the country' s eventual size. As a result of the Revolution ,approximately 71 , 500 people out of a population of some 2. 5 million fled the new United States. Some were Loyalists - political or economic refugees whose loyalties to Great Britain remained strong; others were blacks seeking refuge from slavery. Immigration and the commercial slave trade after the war quickly restored the population to its former level. The Revolution also opened up the area west of the Appalachian Mountains to settlement , as fur traders and farmers were no longer confined by British settlement restrictions. Pioneering citizens , immigrants , and slaves moved west , displacing Native Americans who had hoped to preserve their cultures undisturbed by the expanding United States.

The 17th and 18th centuries saw a growing importation of Africans into North America. After 1808 U. S. law forbade the importation of slaves from abroad , although some smuggling of slaves continued. Few people from Africa chose to come to the United States voluntarily (the free African population was small) because they were considered second-class citizens , and confined largely to the northern states. Large numbers of Europeans migrated to the United States in the early national period , drawn by the promise of freedom , cheap land in the West , and jobs in the first factories of the emerging industrial age. The influx of Europeans , the end of the slave trade , and the ongoing wars removing Native Americans meant that some of the racial diversity of the population was diminishing. By the early decades of the 19th century , a greater proportion of Americans were of western European and Protestant heritage than at the time of the Revolution.

Over the course of the 19th century , the United States gradually absorbed the French colonists in the upper Midwest and in New Orleans , Louisiana; the Spanish and Russian colonists in the South , West ,and Northwest; and the territories of the Hawaiian people and other indigenous groups. Sometimes these territories were added by diplomacy , sometimes by brute force. European visitors were surprised at the diversity in nationalities and in religious and secular beliefs in early America , as well as the number of intermarriages between people of differing European heritages. There were also cross-racial births , sometimes voluntary and sometimes by force , but rarely within legal marriages. The population continued to grow through migration as well , driven in part by English , Irish , and German settlers who came in large numbers around 1848 to escape political repression and food shortages in Europe.

31. The American independence made all of the following leave the new country EXCEPT ()

A. those who were hostile to the old colonialists

B. pro-British colonialists loyal to the old political system

C. those attempting to free themselves from slavery

D. those who fled on account of economic problems caused by birth of the new nation

32. It can be inferred from the passage that ()

A. slavery was soon abolished after the victory of the American Revolution

B. people didn't enjoy freedom of settlement in the West before the Revolutionary War

C. native Americans moved abroad in large numbers during the War

D. the western expansion destroyed the environmental conditions in those areas

33. Which of the following stopped the influx of Africans into the United States in the first decade of the 19th century？ ()

A. Large numbers of European immigrants.

B. Some smuggling slaves.

C. Legislation by the government.

D. Second-class citizens.

34. By (), the United States succeeded in obtaining vast land from other colonies during the 19th century.

A. military action and re-settlement

B. negotiations and re-settlement

C. military action and negotiations

D. negotiations and industrialization

35. Implied , but not directly stated , is the fact that () in early America.

A. there appeared to be many diverse nationalities

B. numerous different religions existed

c. marriages between European descendants were commonplace

D. marriages between different races were not encouraged or accepted

settlement (新拓居地) spread ever farther westward. The early trains were impractical curiosities, and for a long time the railroad companies met with troublesome mechanical problems. The most serious ones were the construction of rails able to bear the load, and the development of a safe, effective stopping system. Once these were solved, the railroad was established as the best means of land transportation. By 1860 there were thousands of miles of railroads crossing the eastern mountain ranges and reaching westward to the Mississippi. There were also regional southern and western lines.

The high point in railroad building came with the construction of the first transcontinental system. In 1862 Congress authorized two western railroad companies to build lines from Nebraska westward and from California eastward to a meeting point, so as to complete a transcontinental crossing linking the Atlantic seaboard with the Pacific. The Government helped the railroads generously with money and land. Actual work on this project began four years later. The Central Pacific Company, starting from California, used Chinese labor, while the Union Pacific employed crews of Irish laborers. The two groups worked at remarkable speed, each trying to cover a greater distance than the other. In 1869 they met at a place called Promontory in what is now the state of Utah. Many visitors came there for the great occasion. There were joyous celebrations all over the country, with parades and the ringing of church bells to honor the great achievement.

The railroad was very important in encouraging westward movement. It also helped build up industry and farming by moving raw materials and by distributing products rapidly to distant markets. In linking towns and people to One another it helped unify the United States.

The major problems with America's railroad system in the mid 19th century lay in ______.

A．poor quality rails and unreliable stopping systems

B．lack of financial support for development

C．limited railroad lines

D．lack of a transcontinental railroad