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[主观题]

We sometimes think humans are uniquely vulnerable to anxiety, but stress seems to affect t

he immune defenses of lower animals too. In one experiment, for example, behavioral immunologist (免疫学家) Mark Laudenslager, at the University of Denver, gave mild electric shocks to 24 rats. Half the animals could switch off the current by turning a wheel in their enclosure, while the other half could not. The rats in the two groups were paired so that each time one rat turned the wheel it protected both itself and its helpless Partner from the shock. Laudenslager found that the immune response was depressed below normal in the helpless rats but not in those that could turn off the electricity. What he has demonstrated, he believes, is that lack of control over an event, not the experience itself, is what wakens the immune system.

Other researchers agree. Jay Weiss, a psychologist at Duke University School of Medicine, has shown that animals who are allowed to control unpleasant stimuli don't develop sleep disturbances or changes in brain chemistry typical of stressed rats. But if the animals are conditioned to confront with situations they have no control over, they later behave passively even when faced with experiences they can control. Such findings reinforce psychologists' suspicions that the experience or perception of helplessness, is one of the most harmful factors in depression.

One of the most startling examples of how the mind can alter the immune response was discovered by chance. In 1975 psychologist Robert Ader at the University of Rochester School of Medicine conditioned (便形成条件反射) mice to avoid saccharin (糖精) by simultaneously feeding them the sweetener and injecting them with a drug that while suppressing their immune systems caused stomach upsets. Associating the saccharin with the stomach pains, the mice quickly learned to avoid the sweetener. In order to extinguish this dislike for the sweetener, Ader reexposed the animals to saccharin, this time without the drug, and was astonished to find that those mice that had received the highest amounts of sweetener during their earlier conditioning died. He could only speculate that he had so successfully conditioned the rats that saccharin alone now served to weaken their immune systems enough to kill them.

Laudenslager's experiment showed that the immune system of those rats who could turn off the electricity ______

A.was altered

B.was strengthened

C.was weakened

D.was not affected

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更多“We sometimes think humans are uniquely vulnerable to anxiety, but stress seems to affect t”相关的问题

第1题

SUCCESS AND FAILURE It’s clear that success and failure are important and common topic
s. Every business has its ups and downs, and so does every person. In other words, sometimes we succeed and sometimes we fail. Another common way of saying this is “You win some and you lose some.” Nobody wins all the time, not even in the great success stories that we read or hear about. Think of a successful entrepreneur. Now, do you think that person achieved great success on their first attempt In 99% of cases, the answer is no. Every successful businessperson learned through failure. Now have a look at your favorite business news site. You’ll see that almost every story can be put into either the category of success or that of failure. Businesses either grow or shrink but they don’t remain the same.

1. Every person has his or her ups and downs.()

2. A common saying “You win some and you lose some” means that sometimes we succeed and sometimes we fail.()

3. Ninety nine percent of successful businessmen achieved great success on their first try.()

4. Successful businessmen learn through failure.()

5. Businesses either shrink or remain the same.()

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第2题

It’s clear that success and failure are important and common topics. Every business ha
s its ups and downs, and so does every person. In other words, sometimes we succeed and sometimes we fail. Another common way of saying this is “You win some and you lose some.” Nobody wins all the time, not even in the great success stories that we read or hear about. Think of a successful entrepreneur. Now, do you think that person achieved great success on his first attempt In 99% of cases, the answer is no. Every successful businessperson learned through failure. Now have a look at your favorite business news site. You’ll see that almost every story can be put into either the category of success or that of failure. Businesses either grow or shrink but they don’t remain the same.

1. Every person has his or her ups and downs.()

2. A common saying “You win some and you lose some” means that sometimes we succeed and sometimes we fail.()

3. 99% of successful businessmen achieved great success on their first try.()

4. Successful businessmen learn through failure.()

5. Businesses either shrink or remain the same.()

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第3题

Analyze the following statement, and then choose one of the options that you think is
best to use in academic writing:

“As I've said many times … the data are really just at best suggestive. There have been some cases that show there may be an effect, and there are others to show there's no effect, so I think, in terms of science, I don't think we can definitely say it works.”()

A.Maybe it works, maybe it doesn’t.

B.Only heaven knows whether it works.

C.Most credible evidence presently available suggests that this drug fails to assist patients suffering from coronavirus infection

D.It only works (sometimes) if you believe in it.

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第4题

按课文填空。根据课文内容填入适当的单词,完成短文。() It’s also probably a good idea for paren
ts to _76 teenagers to study in groups 77 the evening. I know we get 78 sometimes, but we 79 a lot from each other. We also think that vacations should be 80 . At present they’re too short. Longer vacations would give us time to do things 81 volunteering. Last summer I had an 82 to volunteer at the local hospital, but I couldn’t because I had to _84 back to school. It would be a good _84 for me because I want to be a doctor when I’m 85

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第5题

Many people would agree that stress is a major problem in modern life. It is certainly true that worry and quarrel can cause a

ll kinds of illnesses,(1)backache to severe headaches, or even more serious complaints such as high blood pressure.

Many of us think(2)stress as something that other people impose on us. We often complain about how other people put us(3)pressure. But we should try not to let such pressure affect us. We should not forget that we are largely responsible for some of the stress ourselves. We sometimes take(4)more work than our bodies and our minds can handle. We should learn to(5)our limitations. We should be aware of which things are really important and which are not.

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第6题

题干:Many people would agree that stress is a major problem in modern life. It is cer
tainly truethat worry and quarrel can cause all kinds of illnesses, ______ backache to severe headaches, oreven more serious complaints such as high blood pressure.Many of us think ______ stress as something that other people impose on us. We oftencomplain about how other people put us ______ pressure. But we should try not to let suchpressure affect us. We should not forget that we are largely responsible for some of the stressourselves. We sometimes take ______ more work than our bodies and our minds can handle. Weshould learn to ______ our limitations. We should be aware of which things are really importantand which are not.(根据文章,将下面五个选项按照正确的顺序填在原文中)A:ofB:underC:acceptD:fromE:on

A.AEBDC

B.BDCAE

C.DABEC

D.BEACD

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第7题

阅读材料,回答题。When we want to____51 ____other people what we think, we can do it not onl

阅读材料,回答题。

When we want to____51 ____other people what we think, we can do it not only with the help of words, but also in many other ways. For example, we sometimes move our heads____ 52 ____when we want to say "yes", and we move our heads from side to side when we want to say "no" .

People who can neither hear nor speak talk to each other with the help of their fingers. People who do not understand each other’s language have to do the same. The following story shows____53 ____they sometimes do it.

An English man who could not speak Italian was____ 54,____travelling in Italy. One day he entered a restaurant and sat 55 a table. When the waiter came, the Englishman opened his mouth, put his fingers into it,____ 56____them out again and moved his lip. In this way he meant to say, "____57____ me something to eat. " The waiter soon brought him a cup of tea. The Englishman shook his head and the waiter understood that he didn’t want tea, so he took it away and brought him____ 58____ coffee. The Englishman was angry. He was just going to leave the restaurant____59____ another traveller came in. When this man saw the waiter, he put his hands on his stomach. That was enough. In a few minutes there was a large plate of bread and meat____60____his table.

__________ 查看材料

A.say

B.Speak

C.tell

D.Talk

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第8题

What do we mean by a satisfactory standard of living? Obviously, it must include the b
asic necessities of life such as food clothing and shelter. To get these necessities on regular basis, a person must have a reliable income. But we have other needs which would probably also be included as basic, such as health and education facilities.

We may think of all of these as our needs. Yet most of us would be far from satisfied if we had nothing more than these which are supplied for us. (78) We all enjoy extra income to spend on things like books, sports or hobbies. Sometimes we save some of this extra income to pay for future expense of this type on holidays. So we must add our wants to our basic needs. Our standard of living is the degree, to which these needs and wants are satisfied.

But as time goes on, what we think of as our basic needs changes. Twenty years ago a television would have been a luxury, and still is in many countries now. Even now we cannot say it is a need in the same sense as food, clothing and shelter. Yet if most of the people of a country have one, it comes to be accepted as a need. It is possible therefore to have food, clothing and shelter and still be poor by the standards of our own society.

What we need in life is divided into ______according to this article.

A.the basic necessities and luxury

B.many kinds of need such as food, clothing and houses

C.four groups the basic necessities, luxury, reliable income and future expense

D.the basic necessities and reliable income

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第9题

We find that bright children are rarely held back by mixed-ability teaching. On the con-tr
ary, both their knowledge and experience are enriched. We feel that there are many dis-advantages in streaming (按智力划分) pupils. It does not take into account the fact that children develop at different rates. It can have a bad effect on both the bright and the not-so-bright child. After all, it can be quite discouraging to be at the bottom of the top grade!

Besides, it is rather unreal to grade pupils just according to their intellectual ability. This is only one aspect of their total personality. We are concerned to develop the abilities of all our pupils to the full, not just their academic ability. We also value personal qualities and social skills, and we find that mixed-ability teaching contributes to all these aspects of learning.

In our classrooms, we work in various ways. The pupils often work in groups: this gives them the opportunity to learn to co-operate, to share, and to develop leadership skills. They also learn how to cope with personal problems as well as learning how to think, to make decisions, to analyze and evaluate, and to communicate effectively. The pupils learn from each other as well as from the teacher.

Sometimes the pupils work in pairs; sometimes they work on individual tasks and as-signments, and they can do this at their own speed. They also have some formal class teaching when this is appropriate. We encourage our pupils to use the library, and we teach them the skills they need in order to do this efficiently. An advanced pupil can do ad-vanced work: it does not matter what age the child is. We expect our pupils to do their best, not their least, and we give them every encouragement to attain this goal.

In the passage the author's attitude towards "mixed-ability teaching" is ______.

A.critical

B.questioning

C.approving

D.objective

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第10题

改错:What is a black hole? Well, it is difficult to answer the question

What is a black hole? Well, it is difficult to answer the question,

as the terms we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon __1__are adequate here. Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is __2__a region of space which matter has fallen and from which nothing can __3__

escape—not even light. But we can’t see a black hole. A black hole __4__exerts a strong gravitational pull and yet it has no matter. It is only space—or thus we think. How can this happen? __5__

The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point; they “collapse” and sometimes a supernova occurs.

The collapse of a star may produce a “White Dwarf” of a “neutronstar”—

a star which matter is so dense that if continually shrinks by the force of __6___its own gravity. But if the star is very large, this process of shrinking may be so intense that a black hole results in. Imagine the earth reduced to the __7__size of a marble, but still having the same masses and a stronger __8__gravitational pull, and you have some ideas of the force of a black hole. __9__And no matter near the black hole is sucked in. __10__

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第11题

阅读材料,回答题。What do we mean by a satisfactory standard of living? Obviously, it must i

阅读材料,回答题。

What do we mean by a satisfactory standard of living? Obviously, it must include the basic necessities of life such as food, clothing and shelter. To get these necessities on regular basis, a person must have a reliable income. But we have other needs which would probably also be included as basic, such as health and education facilities.

We may think of all of these as our needs. Yet most of us would be far from satisfied if we had nothing more than these which are supplied for us. We all enjoy extra income to spend on things like books, sports or hobbies. Sometimes we save some of this extra income to pay for future expense of this type on holidays. So we must add our wants to our basic needs. Our standard of living is the degree, to which these needs and wants are satisfied.

But as time goes on, what we think of as our basic needs changes. Twenty years ago a television would have been a luxury, and still is in many countries now. Even now we cannot say it is a need in the same sense as food, clothing and shelter. Yet if most of the people of a country have one, it comes to be accepted as a need. It is possible therefore to have food, clothing and shelter and still be poor by the standards of our own society.

What we need in life is divided into __________ according to this article. 查看材料

A.the basic necessities and luxury

B.many kinds of need such as food, clothing and houses

C.four groups the basic necessities, luxury, reliable income and future expense

D.the basic necessities and reliable income

点击查看答案
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