These costs cannot be borne out of profits, no matter what popular（）may say.

A. NAC can authenticate using 802.1X and IBNS cannot

B. NAC can ensure only compliant machines connect and IBNS cannot

C. NAC can ensure access to the correct network resources and IBNS cannot

D. NAC can manage user mobility and reduce overhead costs and IBNS cannot

cent. Some countries did not (1)_____ enough food; basic needs in housing and clothing were not (2)_____. Many of these countries looked to the industrial processes of the developed nations (3)_____ solutions.

(4)_____, problems cannot always be solved by copying the industrialized nations. Industry in the developed nations is highly automated and very (5)_____. It provides fewer jobs than labor-intensive industrial processes, and highly (6)_____ workers are needed to (7)_____ and repair the equipment. These workers must be trained, (8)_____ many nations do not have the necessary training institutions. Thus, the (9)_____ of importing industry becomes higher.

Students must be sent abroad to (10)_____ vocational and professional training. (11)_____, just to begin training, the students must (12)_____ learn English, French, German, or Japanese. The students then spend many years abroad, and (13)_____ do not return home.

All nations agree that science and technology (14)_____ be shared. The point is: countries (15)_____ the industrial processes of the developed nations need to look carefully (16)_____ the costs, because many of these costs are (17)_____. Students from these nations should (18)_____ the problems of the industrialized countries closely. (19)_____ care, they will take home not the problems of science and technology, (20)_____ the benefits.

A．generate

B．raise

C．produce

D．manufacture

Passage Four

Students all over the world have to work for their education. A college education in the United States is

expensive. The costs are so high that most families begin to save for their children's education when their children are babies. Even so, many young people cannot afford to pay the expenses of full-time college work. They do not have enough money to pay for school costs. Tuition for attending the university, books for classes, and living expenses are high. There are other expenses such as chemistry and biology lab fees and special student activity fees for such things as parking permits and football tic, kets. The cost of college education increases every year. However, classrooms are still crowded with students. Some American students have scholarships or other support, but many do not.

Students from other countries have money problems to overcome, too. Because students in most international programs need to have a sponsor, they work hard to earn scholarships or special loans. International students understand the value of going to school in another country. They also know that it is difficult. Yet just as Americans choose to attend American universities in spite of the difficulty, however, it is usually possible for students from abroad to work on university campuses to pay for some of the costs of their education. Some people believe that students value their education more if they work for it.

48. Tuition for attending the university in the United States is ______.

A. inexpensive

B. high

C. free from charge

D. costless

11. Personal property is classified as either （) or intangible.12. A sales agreement is

11. Personal property is classified as either () or intangible.

12. A sales agreement is a () by which ownership is transferred from a seller to a buyer.

13. () laws are designed to protect both a person or firm that cannot pay its debts and the creditors involved.

14. The Chinese government () peace and cooperation, openness and inclusiveness, mutual learning and mutual benefit.

15. If you want to get securities services, you have to pay a ().

16. A firm that does not introduce new products to () declining products will eventually fail.

17. Prices may be () based on costs, demands, the competition's prices, or some combination of these.

18. Understanding buying behavior. helps marketers to () how buyers will respond to marketing strategies.

19. Compensation programs include wages and salaries, incentives and () for workers.

20. An institution's purpose, mission, and strategy affect its ().

replace established structure advocates

benefits commission predict

contract bankruptcy tangible

(课外选材)

When computer servers operate a complex program, they can get very hot. Cooling the servers can be costly. So researchers asked what would happen if the heat created by the servers could be captured and used？

Data centers of large Internet companies such as Google and Microsoft have thousands of computer servers. As these servers process information, they create large amounts of heat, so they need huge cooling systems. These systems send the heat into the air. The Dutch company Nerdalize thinks paying for electricity to operate the servers and then paying again to cool them is a waste of energy. So it developed a device called the e-Radiator. It is a computer server that also works as a heating source. Boaz Leupe is the chief executive officer of Nerdalize. He says the e-Radiator saves money because companies don't have to pay to cool their servers.

"The kilowatt(千瓦)hour you are using is used twice -- once to heat the home and once to compute the client's task without the cooling overhead." He says five homeowners in the Netherlands are testing the heating device in their homes. "We reimburse the electricity the server uses, and that we can do because of the computer clients on the other side, and, in that way, homeowners actually get heating for free, and computer users don't have to pay for the overhead of the data center.

Jan Visser is one of the participants in the year-long experiment. He says the amount of heat produced by the e-Radiator depends on the work being done by the computer server. He says it cannot be used as the primary source of heat. But he is ready to try it.

He says if it provides enough warmth, he will be able to use his home's heating system less, which will save him money. Nerdalize says e-Radiators create heat temperatures of up to 55℃. It says the devices could save users up to $440 in heating costs a year.

1.Why did researchers ask what would happen if the heat created by the servers could be captured and used？{A; B; C}

A. Because computers can get very hot.

B. Computer servers is a complex program.

C. Cooling computer servers costs a lot of money.

2.The computer servers in large Internet companies such as Google and Microsoft can {A; B; C}.

A. create large amounts of information

B. create large quantity of heat

C. manage the huge cooling systems

3. Nerdalize developed the e-Radiator because {A; B; C}.

A. e-Radiator cost less energy

B. e-Radiator can cool the servers for free

C. e-Radiator can create cold air for free

4.According to Jan Visser, the amount of heat produced by the e-Radiator {A; B; C}.

A. depends on the work being processed by PC

B. cannot be used as the home's heating system

C. cannot be used as the main source of heat

5.The best title for this passage is {A; B; C}

A. The New Way to Heat Homes

B. The New Way to Cool Homes

C. Hot Computers Could Be Used for Free

for sale to a customer. There are costs of production, transportation, storage, advertising, and more. Each of these costs must bring in some profit at each stage: truckers must profit from transporting products, or they would not be in business. Thus, costs also include several layers of profits. The selling price of a product must take all of these costs(and built-in profits) into consideration. The selling price itself consists of a markup over the total of all costs, and it is normally based on a percentage of the total cost.

The markup may be quite high 90 percent of cost or it may be low. Grocery items in a supermarket usually have a low markup, while mink coast have a very high one. High markups, however, do not in themselves guarantee big profits. Profits come from turnover. If an item has a 50 percent markup and does not sell, there is no profit. But if a cereal has an 8 percent markup and sells very well, there are reasonable profits.

While most pricing is based on cost factors, there are some exceptions. Prestige pricing means setting prices artificially high in order to attract select clientele. Such pricing attempts to suggest that the quality or style. of the product is exceptional or that the item cannot be found elsewhere. Stores can use prestige pricing to attract wealthy shoppers.

Leader pricing and bait pricing are the opposites of prestige pricing. Leader pricing means setting low prices on certain items to get people to come into the stores. The products so priced are called loss leaders because little or no profit can be made on them. The profits are made from other products people buy while in the store. Bait pricing, now generally considered illegal, means setting artificially low prices to attract customers. The store, however, has no intention of selling goods at the bait prices. The point is to get people into the store and persuade them of the inferiority of the low-priced item. Then a higher-priced item is presented as a better alternative.

A common retail tactic is odd priced products. For some products of $300, the store will set the price at $295 or $299.95 to give the appearance of a lower price. Automobiles and other high-priced products are usually priced in this manner. For some reason $7995 has more appeal to a potential car customer than $8000.

Bid pricing is a special kind of price setting. It is often used in the awarding of government contracts. Several companies are asked to submit bids on a job, and normally the lowest bidder wins. A school system may want to buy a large number of computers. Several companies are asked to submit prices, and the school district will decide on the best bid based as well on considerations of quality and service.

What is the base of selling price？

A．the cost of production

B．a percentage of total cost

C．the cost of transportation

D．the cost of storage.

11. Traditional Chinese medicine takes a （) view of the body, viewing it as an integra

ted system, whose different parts must be kept well-connected and in balance.

12. The Belt and Road Initiative () the five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence.

13. China is now at the stage of development of building a well-off society and accelerating socialist ().

14.() laws are designed to protect both a person or firm that cannot pay its debts and the creditors involved.

15. Automobiles made by competing firms all have the same basic (), although the way they look and fit together may vary.

16. Most business prepare organizational charts that () the company's structure and how employee where they fit into the firm's operations.

17. When a business pays all its costs and taxes, any money left is ().

18. The World Trade Organization (WTO) and various economic communities have been formed to () trade barriers and provide an environment in which international business can grow even faster.

19. Consumers use () income to buy goods and services that best satisfy their needs.

20. In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the American government maintained an essentially () attitudes towards business.

modernization depict laissez-faire dismantle

discretionary profit upholds

bankruptcy holistic components

ge population starting in the middle 1970's. Something else happened in the 1970's: the price of oil increased tremendously, driving up the price of almost everything and making Americans aware that their large automobiles used a lot of gasoline. At the same time, foreign car manufacturers had begun to produce small fuel efficient cars in large quantities for the export market. Suddenly, the large, gas guzzling American cars were no longer attractive to American buyers, who began buying foreign cars by the thousands. The American automobile industry went into a recession. Thousands of automotive workers were laid off, as were thousands of people in industries indirectly connected with the auto industry. People who are laid off tend to keep what money they have for necessities, like food and housing. They do not have the extra money needed to send their children to college. Their children cannot pay their own college costs, because during a recession they cannot find jobs. High unemployment means that more state funds must be used for social service—unemployment benefits and to aid dependent children, for example—than during more prosperous times. It also means that the states have fewer funds than usual, because people are paying fewer taxes. Institutions of higher education depend on two major sources of income to keep them functioning: tuition from students and funds from the states. At the present time, there are fewer students than in the past and fewer state funds available for higher education. The colleges and universities are in trouble.

What is the main idea of this passage？

A．The rising of oil price drove up the price of everything.

B．There were many reasons why higher education was in trouble in the 1970's.

C．Birthrate began to decline in the U.S.A. in 1950's.

D．High unemployment caused a lot of social problems.

Building a house costs quite a lot of money. Suppose you plan to build a house. Your first step will be to find a right piece of land. Your choice will depend on many different things. You will probably try to find a sunny place, with pleasant surroundings(环境)near shops and bus stops, not too far from your friends and the place where you work.

Next you will find a good builder, and together with the builder you will work out a plan. The builder will draw the plan. It will show the number of rooms, their position and size, and other parts, which must be noticed, such as windows, doors, and electric outlets.The builder will work out how much money is needed to build your house. He will work out the cost of the wood, bricks, the glass, and everything else that must be used in building the house. Later on, when he starts to build, this estimate(预算)must be corrected and revised(修订). His estimate is based on existing prices, but prices of such things may change, and many other things may happen between the time when he makes the estimate and the time when he builds the house.

When the builder gives his estimate, you may wish to change your plan. (You may also wish to change your builder, if his estimate is too high!) You may find that the house you wanted at first costs too much, or that you can spend a little more and add something to your plan. The builder's estimate depends on the plan, but the final plan depends on the builder's estimate.

21. The best title of this passage is().

A. Building a House Costs Much Money

B. Estimate Is Important

C. Planning a House

22. The first thing for a person to build a house is().

A. to get as much money as possible

B. to find a suitable piece of land

C. to work out a plan

23. The phrase”draw a plan”in this passage means().

A. making a picture of a building or a room

B. making a plan

C. working out a plan

24. When the builder starts to build a house, his estimate will have to be corrected and revised because().

A. it is wrongly worked out by a workman

B. the future owner of the house thinks the estimate is so high that he cannot afford the building

C. the prices of building materials and the expenses(费用)of labor may be different from the original prices and expenses

25. What is the relationship(关系)between the estimate and the plan？

A. The plan depends on the estimate.

B. The plan has nothing to do with the estimate.

C. The estimate and the plan depend on each other.