Great as Newton was, many of his ideas ___________

a student there, went home to Lincolnshire. He stayed home for two years while the disease ran its course in the area around London. The 23-year-old Newton spent that time studying and laying the foundations for his greatest work, the Principia. One day he sat thinking in his garden, when an apple fell. Then he realized that the direction the apple fell, along with every other object on this round earth, was always toward Earth's center. It wasn't just that the apple fell, but that it tried to go to Earth's center. That was Newton's eureka moment. He realized that Earth had drawn the apple to it. He realized that every object in the universe draws every other object— probably in proportion to its mass. Newton didn't publish his Principia until 20 years later. But he formulated the Law of Universal Gravitation (LUG) there in his Lincolnshire garden. He showed us that was true of planets and moons as well.

Now enters a surprising character. The person who popularized the apple story, was none other than the well-known French writer and philosopher Voltaire. Due to his outspoken views, in 1726 he was forcibly exiled to England where he spent the next three years. Newton died in 1727 so Voltaire would have been familiar with the many discoveries made by him. Voltaire was also acquainted with Newton's niece, Catherine Barton. Newton was a bachelor and she had a greed to manage his London home; therefore she would have been familiar with the apple story, which she related to Voltaire.

Voltaire sided with Newton in Newton's bitter fights with Leibnitz. In Candide, Voltaire ridiculed Leibnitz. The character Dr.Pangloss, who went about insisting that we live in the "best of all possible worlds", was Voltaire's version of Leibnitz.

We might chalk Vohaire's apple story up to "partisan license". But it' you've ever done anything creative, you'll recognize the plausibility of the apple story. You'll remember your own moment when some small and commonplace event revealed a great troth to you. That's the way creativity works.

Which of the following is true about Newton's Principia？

A．Newton was motivated to write the Principia after he saw the apple fell.

B．The Law of Universal Gravitation was originally included in the Principia.

C．Newton began to form. the idea of the Principia when he was a college student.

D．The Law of Universal Gravitation was formulated long before the Principia.

ats in it. They attacked the cats and dogs. Sometimes a great number of them knocked down a man or woman walking home at night. The rats were very large in size and they harmed many people.

The Government ordered everybody to kill rats. Most people were lazy, so they didn't kill many. The Government promised to pay some money for each dead rat. That made the people very happy. They killed thousands of rats everyday. A Government officer put all the dead rats in a big pile. Sometimes a man brought hundreds in one day.

After two weeks there were not many rats in the city, but people still brought many rats to the Government office. The Government officer thought that people were stealing dad rats from the pile. He ordered his men to dig a deep hole and put the rats in it. Soon there were no more rats, and the Government didn't pay any more money.

1)、Newton is a place which ______.

A.used to be very clean

B.is no longer a city

C.is very clean

D.will be very clean

2)、When the Government first ordered the people to kill rats, the people ______.

A.asked for some money for each dead rat

B.stole dead rats from the pile

C.were too lazy to kill many rats

D.killed nearly all the rats quickly

3)、The people killed rats ______.

A.to get money from the Government

B.to help the Government make the city clean

C.to make the Government officer happy

D.to protect(保护)their cats and dogs

4)、A deep hole was dug so that ______.

A.the rats couldn't come out to attack people at night

B.people could take rats from it easily

C.people would kill more rats

D.nobody could take any rats from the pile

5)、What is the best topic for this passage？

A.How to Kill Rats

B.Newton一A City of Rats

C.How Newton Became a Very Clean Place

D.How Newton Became a Famous City

Section A

According to a new school of scientists, technology has been overlooked as a force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge.【51】Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius but by more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.【52】" In short, " a leader of the new school contends "the scientific revolution, as we call it, has been largely caused by the improvement, invention and use of a series of instruments that have expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.

【53】Over the years, tools, and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. The modern school that hails technology argues that such masters as Galileo, Newton, Maxwell, and Einstein, and inventors such as Edison, attached great importance to and derived great benefit from, crafty information and technological devices of different kinds that were used in scientific experiments.

The centerpiece of the argument for technology was an analysis of Galileo’s role at the start of the scientific revolution. The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy, an astronomer of the second century, whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at the center of all heavenly motion.【54】Galileo’s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth. But the real hero of the story, according to the new school of scientists, were improvements in the machinery used for making eye-glasses.

Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs. genius dispute.【55】Whether governments should increase financing for pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which of the two is seen as the driving force.

(51)

tion of the authority of experiment and observation over that of reason, intuition, and convention. Bacon thought that as more and more reliable and precise particular facts accumulate, they can be classified and generalized, resulting in an ever-expanding hierarchy of useful "axioms". This is what he meant by "induction".

Although many people today continue to regard the collection of facts and their arrangement by induction into theories as the heart of scientific method, Bacon's conception of what facts and theories are and of the relationship between them was hopelessly unrealistic even in his own time. The most important early scientific discoveries---such as those made by Galileo about the movement of the earth, by Keppler about the elliptical shape of planetary orbits, and later by Newton about the "force" of gravity--could never have been made if Bacon's rules had prevailed.

Determined to avoid all premature speculations, Bacon proposed that data gathering be carried out by illiterate assistants with no interest in whether an experiment turned out one way or another. Plain facts, properly arranged, would automatically lead to certain knowledge of the universe. Nothing could be more misrepresentative of the actual problem-solving techniques of the scientific method. That plain facts do not speak for themselves is evident from Bacon's own acceptance of the errors contained in what appeared to be the most "obvious'' of facts. For Bacon, that the earth did not move was a fact because it could be seen not to move; and for Bacon it was a fact that life was being spontaneously generated because maggots always developed in putrid flesh and frogs appeared after every rain.

What is clear is that the great breakthroughs of Newton, Darwin, or Marx could never have been achieved solely on the basis of Baconian fact gathering. Facts are always unreliable without theories which guide their collection and which distinguish between superficial and significant appearances.

According to Bacon, facts______.

A．are determined by observations

B．can only be understood through logical reasoning

C．have a hierarchy

D．are gathered by illiterate assistants

people had seen apples fall and hadn’t given the matter a second thought.But Newton thought about it carefully and developed a cornerstone of modern science—the theory of gravity.

The ability to ask deep questions and look for answers lies at the heart of science.So it stands to reason that educators would want to bottle Newton’s brand of thinking and serve it to their students.

Common sense might argue that the best means to that end is to cram future scientists with chemistry,physics,biology,and mathematics.After all,Newton had an enormous appetite for science.

But Newton owned more books in the humanities than he did in the sciences,and his interest included subjects such an history,philosophy,and Greek mythology.

Could it be that thinking deeply about subjects such as history,philosophy,and religion makes one a better scientist？many top American schools think so.

The liberal arts is diversified toolbox.If you have only one way of looking at things,you will get stuck in the same place everybody else got stuck.If you’ve got different experiences,you may find other ways of solving the problem.”

It’s well known that the more we think,the better our neural connections.But liberal arts colleges go one step further.They argue that learning to think in one field may sharpen the ability to solve complex problems in a seemingly unrelated area.It may be a while before scientists establish the truth or falsity of this idea.In the meantime,some of the best minds in science are betting that it’s true.

“Learning about the great books and the humanities can stimulate the sort of brain waves that serve a scientist pretty well,” says Nobel prize winner Tom Cech—“The more types of thinking you have to do,the more skills you can bring to a scientific problem."

26.We learn from the first paragraph that ________.

A.the ability to think is of first importance to scientific discovery

B.nobody noticed apples falling from trees to the ground before Newton

C.Newton developed the theory of gravity by watching a falling apple

27.According to the passage, to help students become scientists, educators________.

A.should cram them with lots of science courses

B.should make them think in the way Newton did

C.should ask them deep questions and look for answers

D.should give them an enormous appetite for science

28.We learn from the passage that students who study science in a liberal arts college ________.

A.are required to take a number of courses in the humanities

B.are free to take whatever courses they like best

C.have a wide range of interests in history, philosophy and religion

D.spend more time studying arts and the humanities than the sciences

29.The idea that learning to think in one field may sharpen the ability to solve complex problems in a seemingly unrelated area is ________.

A.already proved to be true by scientists

B.accepted by the best people in science

C.a common belief among liberal arts colleges

D.gaining worldwide acceptance

30.In liberal arts colleges students are _______.

A.asked to bring a diversified toolbox to school

B.trained to think differently from everybody else

C.required to learn different kinds of skills

D.taught to look at things in different ways

laziness is immoral, that it is wasteful, and that lazy people will never gain anything in life. But laziness can be more harmful than that, and it is often caused by more complex reasons. Some people who appear to be lazy are suffering from much more serious problems. They may not trust their fellow workers and they are unable to join in any group task for fear of being laughed at or for fear of having their ideas stolen. These people who seem lazy may be affected by a fear of failure that prevents successful work. Some people are so busy planning great deals that they are unable to deal with "easier" work on hand. Still others are not avoiding work; strictly speaking, they are simply putting off their work. aziness, however, can actually be helpful. Some people may look lazy while they are really thinking, planning and researching. We should all remember that great scientific discoveries happened by chance. Newton wasn't working on the farm when the apple hit him and he devised the theory of gravity. All of us would like to have someone "lazy" build the car we buy, particularly if that "laziness" were caused by the worker's taking time to check each step of his work and to do his job right. And sometimes, being "lazy" — that is, taking time off for a rest—is good for the overworked students or executives. Taking a rest can be particularly helpful to the sportsman who is trying too hard or the doctor who is simply working himself overtime too many evenings in the hospital. So be careful when you want to call someone lazy. That person may be thinking, resting, or planning his or her next work.

(1). The main idea of this passage is that ________ .

A. laziness is a bad habit that everyone wants to get rid of

B. there are disadvantages and advantages in being lazy

C. laziness is the sign of very serious emotional problems

D. lazy people usually do their work more carefully

(2). Which of the following statements is mentioned in the passage？

A. Laziness is a kind of mental disease.

B. Laziness is more beneficial than harmful.

C. Laziness cannot be explained.

D. Laziness is sometimes due to a fear of failure.

(3). Which of the following ideas does the passage support？

A. Most of the time laziness is a good quality.

B. Most assembly workers are lazy.

C. The word "laziness" is sometimes misused.

D. Most overworked people are lazy.

(4). The author's attitude towards laziness is ________________.

A. objective

B. subjective

C. critical

D. humorous

(5). As used in this passage, the word "devised" (in Paragraph 2 ) probably means _________ .

A. understood

B. wrote

C. created

D. proved