题目
In conducting research on cultural and ethnic minority issues, investigators distinguish between the emic approach and the etic approach. In the emic approach, the goal is to describe behavior. in one culture or ethnic group in term that are meaningful and important to the people in that culture or ethnic group, without regard to other cultures or ethnic groups. In the etic approach, the goal is to describe behavior. so that generalizations can be made across cultures. If researchers construct a questionnaire in an emic fashion, their concern is only that the questions are meaningful to the particular culture or ethnic group being studied. If, however, the researchers construct a questionnaire in an etic fashion, they want to include questions that reflect concepts familiar to all cultures involved.
How might the emic and etic approaches be reflected in the study of family processes? In the emic approach, the researchers might choose to focus only on middle-class White families, without regard to whether the information obtained in the study can be generalized or is appropriate for ethnic minority groups. In a subsequent study, the researchers may decide to adopt an etic approach by studying not only middle-class White families, but also lower-income White families, Black American families, Spanish American families, and Asian American families. In studying ethnic minority families, the researchers would likely discover that the extended family is more frequently a support system in ethnic minority families than in White American families. If so, the emic approach would reveal a more different pattern of family interaction than would the etic approach, documenting that research with middle class White families cannot always be generalized to all ethnic groups.
According to the first paragraph, researchers unfamiliar with the target cultures are inclined to
A.be overcautious in constructing meaningful measures
B.view them from their own cultural perspective
C.guard against interference from their own culture
D.accept readily what is alien to their own culture
第1题
A.treat
B.threaten
C.help
D.protect
第2题
英译中
Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the "odd balls" among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who "work well with the team."
第3题
第4题
In the first of two studies(1)in Heart, German researchers spent a decadestudying the(2)and intensity of weekly exercise in 1,000 people in their 60swith coronary artery heart disease (冠心病), almost half of whom were(3)2-4times a week. Predictably, participants who(4)less than 2 times a week weredetermined to be at greater risk for a heart attack. However, counter-intuitively (直觉地 ) , participants who exercised more than the average were also twice aslikely to have a heart attack or stroke than the average.
A different study found that young men who engage in endurance exercisemore than five hours a week may(5)their risk of developing an irregular heartrhythm later in life.
Swedish researchers surveyed 44,000 men, ages 45-79, about theirexercise(6)at ages of 15,30,50 and over in 2013. Those who exercised(7)formore than five hours a week were 19% more likely to have developed an irregularheartbeat, which is a(8)factor in stroke risk.
Despite their findings, researchers(9)sounding the alarm full-force onintense exercise, citing the "benefits of exercise" while clarifying that "thestudies reviewed here, and future studies, will serve to maximize benefits obtainedby(10)exercise while preventing undesirable effects of intense exercise."
A.active
B.avoided
C.behavior.
D.consequently
E.Density
F.Energetic
G.Engagement
H.Exercised
I.Frequency
J.Increase
K.Intensely
L.Key
M.Largely
N.Published
O.regular
第(1)题__________
查看材料
第5题
Which Vitamin Boosts Brain Power?
Vitamin E has been touted for its anti-aging and anti-cancer benefits because, as an antioxidant, it counters the destructive action of molecules called free radicals. Now a study has shown vitamin E may also help the memory loss and impaired thinking that occurs in the elderly.
Researchers at the Rush Institute for Healthy Aging in Chicago conducted a three-year study involving nearly 3,000 people older than 65 to investigate the cognitive effects of vitamin E in food and supplements.
By comparing the average scores of four different tests of memory and perception, the researchers were able to track change in cognitive function with age. The participants also completed dietary questionnaires periodically, which enabled the researchers to determine their vitamin E intake.
The study found that the higher the intake of total vitamin E, the less change there was in the people's average test scores each year. And those men and women who consumed the most vitamin E had a 36 percent lower rate of decline in their average test scores than those who consumed the least vitamin E. Other antioxidants, such as vitamin A, carotene and vitamin C, had little effect on the results.
Those who took supplements but got little vitamin E from food appeared to have the same protective benefit from the vitamin as those who consumed high amounts of E in their diets, says Martha Clare Morris, an assistant professor at Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center. Several clinical trials are underway to compare protection from cognitive decline in people taking a supplement or a placebo, she says. In this study, the majority who took a supplement reported taking 400 IU a day.
Vitamin E is______.
A.very popular among some people
B.effective in memory enhancement
C.very helpful to the elderly actions
D.destructive in aging and cancers
第6题
Babies who are breast-fed may be more likely to be successful in life, a new study published Tuesday suggests. The study followed more than 3,000 babies into adulthood in Brazil. The researchers found those who were breast-fed scored slightly higher in intelligence tests in their 30s, stayed in school longer and earned more money than those who were given formula(配方奶粉).
“Breast-feeding not only has short-term benefits, but also breast-feeding has long-term benefits, ” says Bernardo Lessa Horta of the Federal University of Pelotas in Brazil, who led the study being published in The Lancet Global Health.
Doctors have long known that breast-feeding can be good for a baby's health. This is especially true in poor countries, where water can be contaminated. For instance, a baby given formula in developing countries is 14 times more likely to die in the first six months than one who's breast-fed. In the U.S., some research has suggested that breast-feeding may raise a baby's IQ(智商)by a few points. But a recent study with siblings(兄弟姐妹)found little advantage to breast-feeding.
Horta says these previous studies didn't follow children into adulthood to see if breast-feeding had long-term effects. So Horta analyzed data collected from 3,493 volunteers he and his colleagues have been following since birth. They are now in their 30s. First, the researchers gave the subjects IQ tests. Those who were breast-fed for 12 months or more had IQ test scores that were 3.76 points higher than those who were breast-fed for less than one month, the team found.
When Horta and his colleagues looked at how much education the subjects had gotten and how much money they were making, they also found a clear difference: Those who were breast-fed the longest stayed in school for about an extra year and had monthly salaries that were about a third higher.
1. From the passage, we learn that Horta {A; B; C}.
A. is from Brazil
B. conducts his research in the U.S.
C. has 30 researchers on his team
2. Which of the following about those who were breast-fed is NOT mentioned?{A; B; C}
A. They stayed longer in school
B. They were happier
C. They were smarter
3. Which of the following is TRUE?{A; B; C}
A. Doctors don't understand the benefits of breast-feeding.
B. Horta is concerned with water contamination in poor countries.
C. Horta's research project lasted about 30 years
4. The word contaminated in Paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to {A; B; C}.
A. finished
B. interested
C. polluted
5. Which of the following is an appropriate title for this passage?{A; B; C}
A. Researchers Have Pointed Out the Disadvantages of Breast-feeding
B. Researchers Have Found Out the Shortcomings of Formula
C. Breast-feeding Improves Chances of Success
第7题
【C1】
A.less than
B.more than
C.other than
D.rather than
第8题
The atomic veterans and their families, as well as researchers and policy-makers, continue to struggle for definitive answers. These have been elusive, at least in part, because a crucial piece of information has been difficult to get-the radiation dose that each individual received.
In the largest study to date, researchers from the Institute of Medicine (IOM) have come up with some partial answers. But they too were limited in their ability to draw conclusions by the lack of usable information on radiation exposure.
The new study focused on participants in five series of nuclear tests, all of which took place either in the Nevada desert or the South Pacific. Nearly 70, 000 soldiers, sailors, airmen, and marines were involved in at least one of these, and about 30 percent of them have now died. For comparison, researchers selected a group of 65, 000 military people serving at the same time under similar conditions, except that they did not take part in nuclear tests.
After an intensive review of service and death records, researchers found no difference between the two groups in overall death rates or in total deaths from cancer. Had there been a dramatic radiation effect, it would have shown up in this comparison.
The researchers also analyzed specific causes of death, including diseases linked in other studies to radiation. Here there were some differences. Among the nuclear test veterans, 14 percent more died from leukemia than those in the comparison group, although the difference lacked statistical significance and could have resulted from chance.
When comparisons were made based on whether the veterans participated in nuclear tests in Nevada or in the Pacific Ocean, the differences were sharper: a 50 percent higher leukemia death rate among Nevada atomic veterans than among the comparison group. This was not true among Pacific test participants, who actually had a slightly lower, though not statistically significant leukemia death rate than those in their comparison group.
81.The passage tells us that researchers wish that they could find out______.
A.when and where the veterans received the nuclear radiation
B.why the amount of radiation cannot be accurately measured
C.who was responsible for the veterans' deaths
D.how much radiation each veteran got during the nuclear tests
82.The latest study includes a comparison made between______.
A.healthy veterans and unhealthy veterans
B.nuclear test participants and those with no radiation exposure
C.the veterans who are still alive and those who have died
D.people who died of cancer and people who took part in atomic tests
83.What can we learn about the result of the latest study?
A.There was a significant difference in total deaths from cancer between the two groups.
B.There was no significant difference in death rates between the two groups.
C.The comparison group has a lower death rate.
D.More veterans died from leukemia than from other cancers.
84.One comparison mentioned in the last paragraph was made between______.
A.Pacific test participants and those who undertook the Nevada test
B.Nevada atomic veterans and those who didn't take part in any nuclear tests
C.Veterans in Nevada and Pacific atomic tests and the comparison group
D.half of Nevada test participants and half of the group of no test participants
85.How different is the group of Nevada test participants from their South Pacific counterparts?
A.The former shows a higher leukemia death rate than the comparison group.
B.The former shows a lower leukemia death rate than the comparison group.
C.The former shows a higher death rate than the latter.
D.The former shows a lower death rate than the latter.
第9题
B.Women may do more housework willingly for they don’t want to give up their responsibility as a homemaker or may because they think it is a compensation.
C.Based on the study made by the American researchers, many men of the two-earner families are still responsible for a substantially smaller share of household duties.
D.The high-earning women often did less housework then those who earn lower wages because they are lack of time and energy to balance the work and life.
第10题
One group of researchers decided to see what would happen if they stopped people from dreaming.As soon as the electroencephalograph (脑电图仪) registered a dream pattern, researchers woke the dreamer.They did this all night for several nights, every time the person started to dream.
The experiment revealed that people who were unable to dream became nervous, easily upset, and hungrier.As soon as they were able to sleep without interruptions they lost their nervousness and became normal again; however, they then had more dreams than usual.It was as if they were catching up on their dreams.
To check these findings, the researchers carried on a control experiment.Again they woke people during the night, but during non-dreaming periods.These people did not change their daytime behavior.And when they were allowed to sleep without interruptions (打断), the number of their dreams did not increase.
Experiments like these have caused scientists to ask if dreams serve a purpose.Researchers know, for example, that some people who go for days without sleep will suffer from hallucinations (幻觉).Certain people even begin to show signs of mental illness.Some researchers believe that people become this way because they cannot have their usual numbers of dreams.According to this theory dreaming helps people to lead normal lives.
1).This passage is mainly about ________.
A.people’s need for dreams
B.the damage dreams do to people’s health
C.dreams and realities
D.the relationship between dreams and diseases
2).According to the passage, dreams ________ .
A.are considered to be people’s real experiences
B.help cure people of nervousness and mental illness
C.happen in the thinking part of the brain
D.cannot go on as before after the dreamer is woken
3).People who slept with interrupted dreams showed signs of the following sufferings EXCEPT________ .
A.nervousness
B.anxiety
C.hunger
D.sleepiness
4).When people were woken during non-dreaming periods, they ________.
A.suffered from hallucinations
B.felt upset and nervous
C.had more dreams than usual
D.remained normal in their daytime behavior
5).The sentence “It was as if they were catching up on their dreams” in Para.3 probably means ________.
A.they seemed to do as their dreams dad told them to
B.they seemed to make up for the losses of dreams
C.they seemed to dream less because of the interruptions
D.they seemed to sleep more after the interruptions
第11题
While the primary driver behind the flexibility movement was to help people, especially women, combine work and family, evidence suggests this is clearly not only a women's issue, Grzywacz, who reported the findings in the Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, said.
The researchers looked at Health Risk Appraisals from employees in jobs ranging from warehouse and production workers to executives at a large multinational pharmaceutical company.
The firm used for the study is consistently recognized by Working Mother magazine as among the most family-friendly employers in the United States.
He said the research shows public health departments and organizations that they could get something out of giving their employees more flexibility.
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