The first European shore stations in New Zealand

A.1901

B.1788

C.1770

D.1787

r from World War I and instituted austerity (紧缩) programs to reduce their imports. The result was a sharp drop infarm prices. This period was more disastrous for farmers than earlier times had been, because farmers were no longer self-sufficient. They were paying for machinery, seed, and fertilizer, and they were also buying consumer goods. The prices of the items farmers bought remained constant, while prices they received for their products fell. These developments were made worse by the Great Depression, which began in 1929 and extended throughout the 1930s.

In 1929, under President Herbert Hoover, the Federal FarmBoard was organized. It established the principle of direct interference with supply and demand, and it represented the first national commitment to provide greater economic stability for farmers.

President Hoover' s successor attached even more importance to this problem. One of the first measures proposed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt when he took office in 1933 was the Agricultural Adjustment Act, which was subsequently passed by Congress. This law gave the Secretary of Agriculture the power to reduce production through voluntary agreements with farmers who were paid to take their land out of use. A deliberate scarcity of farm productswas planned in an effort to raise prices. This law was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court on the grounds that general taxes were being collected to pay one special group of people. However, new laws were passed immediately that achieved the same result of resting soil and providing flood-control measures, but which were based on the principle of soil conservation. The Roosevelt Administration believed that rebuilding the nation' s soil was in the national interest and was not simply a plan to help farmers at the expense of other citizens. Later the government guaranteed loans to farmers so that they could buy farm machinery, hybrid(杂交) grain, and fertilizers.

What brought about the decline in the demand for American farm products？

A．The impact of the Great Depression.

B．The shrinking of overseas markets.

C．The destruction caused by the First World War.

D．The increased exports of European countries.

听力原文： One winter day in 1891, a class at the training school in Massachusetts, USA, went into the gym for their daily exercises. Since the football season had ended, most of the young man felt they were in for a boring time. But their teacher James Nasmyth had other ideas. He had been working for a long time on a new game that would have the excitement of American football. Nasmyth showed the men a basket he had hung at each end of the gym and explained that they were going to use around European football At first, everybody try to throw ball into the basket no matter where he was standing .Pass ! Pass! Nasmyth kept shouting, blowing his whistle to stop the excited players. Slowly, they began to understand what was wanted of them. The problem with the new game, which was soon called basketball, was getting the ball out of the basket. They used ordinary fruit baskets with bottoms, and the ball, of course, stayed inside. At first, someone had to clime up every time a basket was scored. It was several years before someone came up with the idea of removing the bottom of the basket and letting the ball fall through. There have been many changes in the rules since then and basketball has become one of the world's most popular sports.

(30)

A．He took them to watch a basketball game.

B．He trained them to play European football.

C．He let them compete in getting balls out of a basket.

D．He taught them to play an exciting new game.

A.Romans

B.Saxons

C.Celts

D.Vikings

an settlers in the New World. (arrive)

A.A.was

B.B.has been

C.C.had been

D.D.is

A.voyagers from East Polynesia

B.European navigators

C.sealers and whalers

D.Christian missionaries

hool buses slowly pull into a park on the edge of Fargo, North Dakota. Families carve out small pieces of territory around their vehicles, making the park into a series of encampments. As they have done for generations, American Indians of the Great Plains gather once again for an annual powwow. Donning their traditional clothing, Ojibwa, Lakota, and Dakota people assemble for several days of celebration and ceremony.

To an outside observer attending for the first time, this year's powwow may appear chaotic. Even though posted signs promise that dances will begin at four o'clock, there is still no dancing at five-thirty, and the scheduled drummers never arrive. No one is in charge; the announcer acts as a facilitator of ceremonies, but no chief rises to demand anything of anyone. Everyone shows great respect for the elders and for the dancers, who are repeatedly singled out for recognition, but at the same time children receive attention for dancing, as does the audience for watching. Eventually the program grows in an organic fashion as dancers slowly become activated by drums and singing. Each participant responds to the mood of the whole group but not to a single, directing voice, and the event flows in an orderly fashion like hundreds of powwows before it.

This apparent penchant for respectful individualism and equality within an American Indian group seems as strong today to a non-Indian observer in Fargo as it did five centuries ago to early European explorers. Much to the shock of the first European observers and to the dismay of bureaucratic individuals, American Indian societies have traditionally operated without strong positions of leadership or coercive political institutions.

Adventure novels and Hollywood films set in the past often portray strong chiefs commanding their tribes. More often, however, as in the case of the Iroquois people, a council of sachems, or legislators, ruled, and any person called the "head" of file tribe usually occupied a largely honorary position of respect rather than power. Chiefs mostly played ceremonial and religious roles rather than political or economic ones. Unlike the familiar words "caucus" and "powwow," which are Indian-derived and indicative of American Indian political traditions, the word "chief" is an English word of French origin that British officials tried to force onto American Indian tribes in order that they might have someone with whom to trade and sign treaties.

In seventeenth-century Massachusetts the British tried to make one leader, Metacom of the Wampanoag people, into King Philip, thereby, imputing monarchy to the American Indian system when no such institution existed. Thus while certain English settlers learned from groups like the Iroquois people how to speak and act in group councils, others simultaneously tried to push American Indians toward a monarchical and therefore less democratic system.

By the late 1600's the Huron people of Canada had already interacted for decades with European explorers and traders and were thus able to compare their own way of life with that of the Europeans. The Hurons particularly decried the European obsession with money. By contrast, the Hurons lived a life of liberty and equality and believed that the Europeans lost their freedom in their incessant use of "thine" and "mine." One Huron explained to the French adventurer and writer Baron de La Hontan, who lived among the Hurons for eleven years, that his people were born free and united, each as great as the other, while Europeans were all the slaves of one sole person. "I am the master of my body," he said, "... I am the first and the last of my nation... subject only to the great Spirit." These words recorded by La Hontan may have reflected the Frenchman's own philosophical bias, but his book rested on a solid factual base: the Huron pe

A．provide a narrative account to serve as an introduction

B．contrast American Indian social events with individual performances

C．create a sense of the permanence of some American Indian customs

D．inform. the reader about the nature of a powwow

t time off？ In the cold, gray north they watch television: Denmark now has 386 sets for every 1000 people, Germany 385—40% more than in 1970. In sunny Spain they eat out: 14% of household spending, the largest share in the community, goes on restaurants, cafes and hotels—not counting alcoholic drinks. Europeans everywhere watch football. One European in there is interested in football, a quarter in tennis and getting more so. As long ago as 1980, the most recent year for which comparable figures exist, nine-tenths of Europe's households had a refrigerator(except in Ireland and Portugal). Ownership of washing machines varied more: 87% of Dutch had one, but only 58% of Danes. Ownership of dishwashers was stuck at 3% in Britain in 1980, but rising fast in France: up from 13% in 1980 to 22% in 1985. In Holland 95% of households bad a telephone in 1985, in Italy only 72%.

Above all, the newly rich Europeans go on holiday. In 1985, 56% of them went away at least once. As anyone who has tried to spread a towel on a Mediterranean beach in high summer can confirm, 34% of them took their main holidays in August and another 28% in July. For peace(if not sun), try February or November, when only 1% of Europeans take their main holiday. One European in three took holidays abroad. These, not surprisingly, are mostly northerners.

Half of Europe's holidaymakers head for the seaside. But in Holland marginally more people prefer a holiday in the countryside to a week on the beach. So there are some differences left.

We know from the first paragraph that north Europeans spend their spare time ______.

A．eating out

B．watching TV

C．visiting friends

D．fishing