While we may get used to a sleep－depriving schedule, our judgment, reaction time, and other functions are still impaired.

sing 7,000 Word documents, 600 spreadsheets, hundreds of PowerPoint presentations and 12 years of federal grant applications. “My PC clicked and I knew, uh-oh, and the computer was dead,” she recalled.

You’ve probably had that feeling. And you undoubtedly have heard the warning “Back up your data or else.” For Ms. Grove, the director of the Legacy Counseling Center, a nonprofit support organization in Dallas for people with AIDS, the story had a happy ending because she had backed up her data on a remote computer—what is commonly called “in the cloud.” With copies of everything, she could restore all her files.

A growing number of companies now offer these cloud-based backup services. Two of the best-known, Carbonite and Mozy, offer similar services with different prices, while Backblaze combines many of the services of Carbonite and Mozy. It offers unlimited backup for $5 a month per computer, and also backs up attached hard drives. If your computer’s drive crashes, you can either download the data or receive a DVD for $99 or hard drive by overnight mail for $189. Backblaze’s backup tool is one of the easiest to use: it just backs up all data files and once completed, backs up new files on a continual basis backups of deleted files, as with most services, are erased after 30 days.

6. Meliss Grove may lost her 7,000 Word documents, 600 spreadsheets and other files, because（）.

A. She isn’t careful about the files when she reads them

B. She doesn’t like these files

C. She didn’t know how to use a computer

D. Something wrong with the computer happened

7. What does the word “that feeling” in the second paragraph mean？（）

A.Melissa Grove is not happy because she lost her computer

B.She made a call to her friend and told them that she had lost her files

C.The experience that the PC is dead and the files may get lost

D.She doesn’t like her PC, because the PC

8. What do we know about the cloud-based backup services in America？（）

A.Only two companies, Carbonite and Mozy offer the services

B.Carbonite has better service than Mozy does

C.Backblaze combines many of the services of Carbonite and Mozy

D.Both A and B

9. What’s result of Ms. Grove’s files？（）

A.She lost all her files in the PC, because it’s dead

B.We have no idea about her files

C.She could restore all her files for the cloud backup

D.They were lost and couldn’t get restored

10. What does“in the cloud”mean？（）

A.It means that we can see a cloud when we use computers

B.It means distant devices that can backup the files

C.A kind of service that help people use PC

D.It’s going to rain if you see a cloud

A.thinking abilities

B.communicate

C.problem solving

D.opportunities

A.thinking abilities

B.communicate

C.problem solving

D.opportunities

le oversimplified. No child imitates every action he sees. Sometimes, the example the parent wants him to follow is ignored while he takes over contrary patterns from some other example. Therefore we must turn to a mom subtle theory than "Monkey see, monkey do".

Look at it from the child's point of view. Here he is in a new situation, lacking a ready response. He is seeking a response which will gain certain ends. If he lacks a ready response for the situation, and cannot reason out what to do, he observes a model who seems able to get the right result. The child looks for an authority or expert who can show what to do.

There is a second element at work in this situation. The child may be able to attain his immediate goal only to find that his method brings criticism from people who observe him. When shouting across the house achieves his immediate end of delivering a message, he is told emphatically that such a racket is unpleasant, that he should walk into the next room and say his say quietly. Thus, the desire to solve any objective situation is overlaid with the desire to solve it properly. One of the early things the child learns is that he gets more affection and approval when his parents like his response. Then other adults reward some actions and criticize others. If one is to maintain the support of others and his own self-respect, he must adopt responses his social group approves.

In finding trial responses, the learner does not choose models at random. He imitates the person who seems a good person to be like, rather than a person whose social status he wishes to avoid. If the pupil wants to be a good violinist, he will observe and try to copy the techniques of capable players; while some other person may most influence his approach to books.

Admiration of one quality often leads us to admire a person as a whole, and he becomes an identifying figure. We use some people as models over a wide range of situations, imitating much that they do. We learn that they are dependable and rewarding models because imitating them leads to success.

The statement that children learn by imitation is incomplete because______.

A．they only imitate authorities and experts

B．they are not willing to copy their parents

C．the process of identification has been ignored

D．the nature of their imitation as a form. of behavior. has been neglected

le is a bit oversimplified. No child imitates every action he sees. Sometimes, the example the parent wants him to follow is ignored while he takes over contrary patterns from some other ' example. Therefore we must turn to a more subtle theory than "Monkey see, monkey do".

Look at it from the child's point of view. Here he is in a new situation, lacking a ready response. He is seeking a response which will gain certain ends. If he lacks a ready response for the situation, and cannot reason out what to do, he observes a model who seems able to get the right result. The child looks for an authority or expert who can show what to do.

There is a second element at work in this situation. The child may be able to attain his immediate goal only to find that his method brings criticism from people who observe him. When shouting across the house achieves his immediate end of delivering a message, he is told emphatically that such a racket is unpleasant, that he should walk into the next room and say his say quietly. Thus, the desire to solve any objective situation is overlaid with the desire to solve it properly. One of the early things the child learns is that he gets more affection and approval when his parents like his response. Then other adults reward some actions and criticize others. If one is to maintain the support of others and his own self-respect, he must adopt responses his social group approves.

In finding trial responses, the learner does not choose models at random. He imitates the person who seems a good person to be like, rather than a person whose social status he wished to avoid. If the pupil wants to be a good violinist, he will observe and try to copy the techniques of capable players; while some other person may most influence his approach to books.

Admiration of one quality often leads us to admire a person as a whole, and he becomes an identifying figure. We use some people as models over a wide range of situations, imitating much that they do. We learn that they are dependable and rewarding models because imitating them leads to success.

The statement that children learn by imitation is incomplete because ______.

A．they only imitate authorities and experts

B．they are not willing to copy their parents

C．the process of identification has been ignored

D．the nature of their imitation as a form. of behavior. has been neglected

s are imaginary, but they are related to real experiences and needs in the dreamer's life.They seem real while they are taking place.Some dreams are pleasant, others are annoying, and still others are frightening.

Everyone dreams, but some persons never recall dreaming.Others remember only a little about a dream they had just before awakening and nothing about earlier dreams.No one recalls all his dreams.

Dreams involve little logical thought.ln most dreams, the dreamer cannot control what happens to him.The tory may be conf ing, and things happen that would not happen in real life.People see in most dreams, hut they may also hear, smell touch, and taste in their dreams.Most dreams occur in color.But people who have been blind since birth do not see at all in dreams.

Dreams are a product of the sleeper's mind.They include events and feelings that he has experienced.Most dreams are related to events of the day before the dream and strong wishes of the dreamer.Many minor incidents of the hours before sleep appear in dreams.Few events more than two days old turn up.Deep wishes or fears-especially those held since childhood-often appear in dreams, and many dreams fulfill such wishes.Events in the sleeper's surrounding-a loud noise, for example, may become part of a dream, but they do not cause dreams.

Some dreams involve deep feelings that a person may not realize he has.Psychiatrits often use material from a patient's dreams to help the person understand himself better.

Dreaming may help maintain good learning ability, memory, and emotional adjustment.People who get plenty of sleep but are awakened each time they begin to dream become anxious and restless.

21.This passage is mainly about().

A.why we dream during sleep

B.how we dream during sleep

C.what dreams are

D.what benefits dreams bring to people

22.According to the passage, dreams result from().

A.the sleeper's wishes

B.the sleeper's imagination

C.the sleeper's feeling

D.the sleeper's own mind

23.Which of the following is NOT true？ ()

A.Dream is a confusing story which involves little logic thought.

B.Dream is related to the dreamer's real life.

C.Dream is an imaginary store which seems real while taking place.

D.Dream involves events that always happen in real life.

24.This passage suggests that psychiatrists are().

A.trying to help the dreamer recall his earlier dreams

B.trying to make the sleeper dream logically

C.studying the benefits of dreams

D.helping the sleeper fulfill his dreams

25.We may infer form. the passage that dreaming().

A.is beneficial to people

B.disturbs people's life

C.makes people always restless

D.deprives people of a good sleep

these suggestions.

A travel agent can give you information on special economy fares for trains, buses and planes. Think about hiking or biking for a part of your trip, too. You’ll not only save money, but you’ll also see a lot more of the country.

Some students may want to travel by car. Be sure to think about going with other students—many colleges have “ride boards” that list when and where other students plan to travel. Many radio stations provide the same sort of service — they announce who’s driving where, when, how many riders they will take and what the expenses will be.

There are many inexpensive, older hotels near bus or train stations. Check your travel guide for names of the best. Many parts of the country also have youth hostels where young people can stay for only a few dollars a night.

You don’t have to eat in restaurants all the time, but we don’t recommend a diet of candy and cola, either. You can usually get a healthy, cheap breakfast in a restaurant. If the weather is warm, you can buy food in supermarkets or at roadside stands and have a picnic for lunch. For dinner you can get the names of good, cheap restaurants from travel guides or friends.

26、The passage tells students _______ .

A.how to make travel plans

B.how to get help while traveling

C.how to use less money while traveling

D.how to choose hotels

27、To see more of the country, you’d better travel _______ .

A.by plane

B.by bus

C.by train

D.by bike

28、If you want to share rides with others, you can get information _______ .

A.on the blackboards in classrooms

B.from school administrators

C.through certain radio programs

D.from travel agents

29、According to the passage, staying at youth hostels is _______ .

A.cheap

B.convenient

C.comfortable

D.enjoyable

30、To save money, you can _______ .

A.have more candy and cola

B.invite your friends for a picnic

C.take some food with you

D.eat in restaurants sometimes

for sale to a customer. There are costs of production, transportation, storage, advertising, and more. Each of these costs must bring in some profit at each stage: truckers must profit from transporting products, or they would not be in business. Thus, costs also include several layers of profits. The selling price of a product must take all of these costs(and built-in profits) into consideration. The selling price itself consists of a markup over the total of all costs, and it is normally based on a percentage of the total cost.

The markup may be quite high 90 percent of cost or it may be low. Grocery items in a supermarket usually have a low markup, while mink cost have a very high one. High markups, however, do not in themselves guarantee big profits. Profits come from turnover. If an item has a 50 percent markup and does not sell, there is no profit. But if a cereal has an 8 percent markup and sells very well, there are reasonable profits.

While most pricing is based on cost factors, there are some exceptions. Prestige pricing means setting prices artificially high in order to attract select clientele. Such pricing attempts to suggest that the quality or style. of the product is exceptional or that the item cannot be found elsewhere. Stores can use prestige pricing to attract wealthy shoppers.

Leader pricing and bait pricing are the opposites of prestige pricing. Leader pricing means setting low prices on certain items to get people to come into the stores. The products so priced are called loss leaders because little or no profit can be made on them. The profits are made from other products people buy while in the store. Bait pricing, now generally considered illegal, means setting artificially low prices to attract customers. The store, however, has no intention of selling goods at the bait prices. The point is to get people into the store and persuade them of the inferiority of the low-priced item. Then a higher priced item is presented as a better alternative.

A common retail tactic is odd priced products. For some products of $300, the store will set the price at $295 or $299.95 to give the appearance of a lower price. Automobiles and other high-priced products are usually priced in this manner. For some reason $7995 has more appear to a potential car customer than $8000.

Bid pricing is a special kind of price setting. It is often used in the awarding of government contracts. Several companies are asked to submit bids on a job, and normally the lowest bidder wins. A school system may want to buy a large number of computers. Several companies are asked to submit prices, and the school district will decide on the best bid based as well on considerations of quality and service.

We learn from the second paragraph, ______.

A．reducing cost is the surest way to increase profits

B．profits depend on how fast goods are moving

C．fair markup promise the greatest profits

D．lower markup brings reasonable profits

in studying. There is no magic formula that will result in getting that knowledge. You must spend time and effort in the process. A certain number of hours of hard work are required. But you can make better use of the time through some common-sense tips.

A Time-Budgeting Plan

Consider some practical suggestions for the arrangement of your study schedule. In other words, you need a plan to budget your time. It will pay big dividends if you will set aside a few minutes or an hour as soon as possible after classes each day. Use this time to review the materials covered in the class periods of the day. Remember that you will forget a large portion within twenty-four hours after you hear or read it for the first time. Try to find a time at the end of your regular school day-or in the middle of it, if you have vacant period. You can review what was covered in each of the day's classes before it has had time to slip out of your mind. As a result, your memory will be stepped up greatly.

A Regular Time for Study

Set aside a regular time for your study of tomorrow's lessons. If you can possibly arrange it, it is a good policy to study at the same time each day. Doing this will help avoid :the problem of needing to study and letting the time slip by so that it doesn't get done. All of us have done this. We had the best of intentions, but we did not get started until it was too late. So have a routine of studying at a certain time each day, and never schedule anything else for that time. Then you will have the best possible chance to avoid missing your study due to poor use of time.

A Place for Study

Have one particular place where you can go to study. This does not mean, of course, that you can never, under any circumstance, study anywhere else. It does mean that when you have serious study to do, you try to go to this place to do it. Pick a place that has few distractions. It must be a place where there are no conversations, no activities of friends, or no interesting noises. There must be no reminders of things more pleasant than studying to compete for your attention. A table facing a wall with nothing but your actual work materials is best. And while your chair may have a soft cushion, it should not be so comfortable that it encourages you to relax completely. Habit Can Help You Study

Get into the habit of going to a place at a certain time to study. Then you will find that it becomes easier for you to concentrate. You lose less time in warming up to your subject. Right away you will get into the proper frame. of mind at your special study place and time. When doing this becomes a habit, you have made good progress. It has become easier to make yourself go through your study routine. In other words, going to one place at a regular time for study not only helps you to get started more easily, but also replaces willpower with the habit of studying.

Which of the following statements best covers the suggestions given for study？

A．You need a regular plan, place, and time for study.

B．You must be willing to spend time and effort studying.

C．You should pick a place where you can study and won't be distracted.

D．You need to get into the habit of study.

nformation about everything from shampoo to tooth-paste to computers and cars.But there is one series problem with this.The "information" is actually very often "misinformation".It tells us the products, benefits but hides their disadvantages.Advertising not only leads us to buy things that we don't need and can't afford, but it also confuses our sense of reality.

Advertisers use many methods to get us to buy their products.One of their most successful methods is to make us feel dissatisfied with ourselves and our imperfect lives.Advertisements show us who we aren't and what we don't have."Why don't I have any dates (约会)？" a good-looking girl sadly asks in a commercial."Here," replies her roommate, "Try Zoom tooth-paste!" Of course she tried it, and immediately the whole football team falls in love with her."That's a stupid commercial," we might say.But we still buy Zoom tooth-paste out of fear of being unpopular and having no friends.

If fear is the negative motive (动机) for buying a product, then wanting a good self-image is the positive reason for choosing it.Each of us has a mental picture of the kind of person we would like to be.For example, a modern young woman might like to think that she looks like a beautiful movie star.A middle-aged man might want to see himself as a strong, attractive athlete.Advertisers know this.They write specific ads to make certain groups of people choose their products.

Advertisers get psychologists to study the way consumers think and their reasons for choosing one brand instead of another.These experts tell advertisers about the motives of fear and self-image.They also inform. them about recent studies with colors and words.They have found that certain colors on the package of an attractive product will cause people to reach out and take that package instead of buying an identical (同一的、 相等的) product with different colors.

Many people believe that advertising does not affect them.They like to think they make wise choices.Unfortunately, they probably don't realize the powerful effect of advertising.They may not clearly understand that advertisers spend billions of dollars each year in aggressive (强有力的) competition for our money, and they are extremely successful.

1.What’s the purpose of advertising()？

A.To introduce people the feature of the goods.

B.To have people to buy new products on the market.

C.To make people know how to use the products.

D.To tell people how to save money while buying goods.

2.One of the disadvantages of advertising is to().

A.lead people to buy bad-quality things

B.make people confused about choosing goods

C.make people buy more things than needed

D.inform. people the products’ benefits

3.Advertisement may make people think that()

A.their lives are not good enough

B.their behaviors are imperfect

C.they don’t have enough money to buy things

D.they look poor without buying advertise goods

4.What can psychologists tell the advertisers()

A.The reasons for bad sale of some goods.

B.What brand is better than others？

C.How to control the qualities of goods.

D.People’s opinions about current colors.

5.It’s implied in the last paragraph that those who don’t believe

advertising().

A.should refuse to buy goods advertised

B.may also be influenced by advertising

C.have more freedom to buy things than others

D.can save money without buying the advertised goods