Griffith's film innovations had a direct effect on all of the following EXCEPT ______.A．fi

t of David W. Griffith (1875-1948). Before Griffith, photography in dramatic films consisted of little more than placing the actors before a stationary camera and showing them in full length as they would have appeared on stage. From the beginning of his career as a director, however, Griffith, because of his love of Victorian painting, employed composition. He conceived of the camera image as having a foreground and rear ground, as well as the middle distance preferred by most directors. By 1910 he was using close-ups to reveal significant details of the scene or of the actors. The exploitation of the camera's possibilities produced novel dramatic effects. By splitting an event into fragments and recording each from the most suitable camera position, he could significantly vary the emphasis from camera shot to camera shot.

Griffith also achieved dramatic effects by means of creative editing. By juxtaposing images and varying the speed and rhythm of their presentation, he could control the dramatic intensity of the events as the story progressed. Despite the reluctance of his producers, who feared that the public would not be able to follow a plot that was made up of such juxtaposed images, Griffith persisted, and experimented as well with other elements of cinematic syntax that have become standard ever since. Those included the flashback, permitting broad psychological and emotional exploration as well as narrative that was not chronological, and the crosscut between two parallel actions to heighten suspense and excitement. In thus exploiting fully the possibilities of editing, Griffith transposed devices of the Victorian novel to film and gave film mastery of time as well as space.

Besides developing the cinema's language, Griffith immensely broadened its range and treatment of subjects. His early output was remarkably eclectic, it included not only the standard comedies, melodramas, westerns, and thrillers, but also such novelties as adaptations from Browning and Tennyson, and treatments of social issues. As his successes mounted, his ambitions grew, and with them the whole of American cinema. When he remade Enoch Arden in 1911, he insisted that a subject of such importance could not be treated in the then conventional length of one reel. Griffith's introduction of the American-made multireel picture began an elaborate historical and philosophical spectacle. It reached the unprecedented length of four reels, or one hour's running time. From our contemporary viewpoint, the pretensions of this film may seem a trifle ludicrous, but at the time it provoked endless debate and discussion and gave a new intellectual respectability to the cinema.

The author of this passage seems to imply that Victorian novels ______.

A．are like films

B．may not narrate events chronologically

C．exploit cinema's language

D．feature juxtaposed images

nothing about traditional scholarly methods. The consequences of this neglect of traditional scholarship are particularly unfortunate for the study of women writers, ff the canon(教规)—the list of authors whose works are most widely taught—is ever to include more women, scholars must be well trained in historical scholarship and textual editing. Scholars who do not know how to read early manuscripts, locate rare books, establish a sequence of editions, and so on are lacking in crucial tools for revising the canon.

To address such concerns, an experimental version of the traditional scholarly methods course was designed to raise students' consciousness about the usefulness of traditional learning for any modem critic or theorist. To minimize the artificial aspects of the conventional course, the usual procedure of assigning a large number of small problems drawn from the entire range of historical periods was abandoned, though this procedure has the obvious advantages of at least superficially familiarizing students with a wide range of reference sources. Instead students were engaged in a collective effort to do original work on a neglected eighteenth-century writer, Elizabeth Griffith, to give them an authentic experience of literary scholarship and to inspire them to take responsibility for the quality of their own work.

Griffith's work presented a number of advantages for this particular pedagogical purpose. First, the body of extent scholarship on Griffith was so tiny that it could all be read in a day, thus students spent little time and effort mastering the literature and had a clear field for their own discoveries. Griffith's Play—The Platonic Wife exists in three versions, enough to provide illustrations of editorial issues but not too many for beginning students to manage. In addition, because Griffith was successful in the eighteenth century, as her continued productivity and favorable reviews demonstrate, her exclusion from the canon and virtual disappearance from literary history also helped raise issues concerning the current canon.

The range of Griffith' s work meant that each student could become the world' s leading authority on a particular Griffith text. For example, a student studying Griffith's Wife in the Right obtained a first edition of the play and studied it for some weeks. This student was suitably shocked and outraged to find its title transformed into A Wife in the Night in Watt's Bibliotheca Britannica. Such experiences, inevitable and common in working on a writer to whom so little attention has been paid serve to vaccinate the student—I hope for a lifetime—against credulous use of reference sources.

The author of the passage is primarily concerned with ______.

A．revealing a commonly ignored deficiency

B．proposing a return to traditional terminology

C．describing an attempt to correct a shortcoming

D．assessing the success of a new pedagogical approach

A.高温杀死的致病菌S和无致病性的活细菌R对小鼠都是非致病的

B.高温杀死的致病菌S和无致病性的活细菌R混合接种小鼠不会产生致病症状

C.死亡的小鼠体内分离出高致病性的S型肺炎双球菌

D.实验说明DNA从一个细胞转移到另一个细胞

A.细胞在分裂之前，一定要进行DNA的复制

B.碱基对排列顺序的多样性是DNA多样性的原因之一

C.NA分子杂交技术可以用来比较不同种生物DNA分子的差异

D.格里菲斯（Griffith）实验证明加热杀死的S细菌中必然存在转化因子

A.thirties

B.thirtieth

C.thirty

D.thirty's

.

—_____________

— I'd like to have this film developed.

A: What's it？

B; May I help you？

C; What do you want？

nce of Western literature.(翻译)