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Text 4No man has been more harshly judged than Machiavelli, especially in the two centurie

Text 4

No man has been more harshly judged than Machiavelli, especially in the two centuries follow-ing his death. But he has since found many able champions and the tide has turned. The prince has been termed a manual for tyrants, the effect of which has been most harmful. But were Machiavelli's doctrines really new? Did he discover them? He merely had the frankness and cour- age to write down what everybody was thinking and what everybody knew. He merely gives us the impressions he had received from a long and intimate intercourse with princes and the affairs of state. It was Lord Bacon who said that Machiavelli tells us what princes do, not what they ought to do. When Machiavelli takes Caesar Borgia as a model, he does not praise him as a hero at all, but merely as a prince who was capable of attaining the end in view. The life of the state was the prima- ry object. It must be maintained. And Machiavelli has laid down the principles, based upon his stud-y and wide experience, by which this may be accomplished. He wrote from the view-point of the politician-not of the moralist. What is good politics may be bad morals, and in fact, by a strange fatality, where morals and politics clash, the latter generally gets the upper hand. And will anyone contend that the principles set forth by Machiavelli in his Prince or his Discourses have entirely per- ished from the earth? Has diplomacy been entirely stripped of fraud and duplicity? Let anyone read the famous eighteenth chapter of The Prince:"ln what Manner Princes should Keep their Faith,"and he will be convinced that what was true nearly four hundred years ago, is quite as true today.

Of the remaining works of Machiavelli the most important is the History of Florence written be-

tween 1521 and 1525, and dedicated to Clement VII. This book is merely a rapid review of the Middle

Ages, and as part of it the history of Florence. Machiavelli's method has been criticized for adhering

at times too closely to the chroniclers of his time, and at others rejecting their testimony without ap-

parent reason, while in its details the authority of his History is often questionable.lt is the straightfor-

ward, logical narrative, which always holds the interest of the reader, that is the greatest charm of

the History.

56. It can be inferred from the beginning of the text that

[ A] many people used to think highly of Machiavelli.

[ B] Machiavelli had been very influential among the rulers.

[ C] Machiavelli was widely read among his contemporaries.

[ D] Machiavelli has been a target of criticism throughout history.

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更多“Text 4No man has been more harshly judged than Machiavelli, especially in the two centurie”相关的问题

第1题

Who holds the belief that “man produces evil as a bee produces honey”?()

A.Martin Amis

B.William Golding

C.V.S. Naipaul

D.Ian McEwan

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第2题

In January 2008 Arti entered in a contractual agreement with Bee Ltd to write a study manu
al for an international accountancy body’s award. The manual was to cover the period from September 2008 till June 2009, and it was a term of the contract that the text be supplied by 30 June 2008 so that it could be printed in time for September. By 30 May, Arti had not yet started on the text and indeed he had written to Bee Ltd stating that he was too busy to write the text.

Bee Ltd was extremely perturbed by the news, especially as it had acquired the contract to supply all of the

accountancy body’s study manuals and had already incurred extensive preliminary expenses in relation to the publication of the new manual.

Required:

In the context of the law of contract, advise Bee Ltd whether they can take any action against Arti.

(10 marks)

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第3题

It has been a good year on the farm. The warm, wet spring and the fine summer have bee
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第4题

He _____ on this essay for twenty minutes but he _____ only a hundred words.A、has bee

A.has been working; has written

B.is working; writes

C.has worked; has been writing

D.works; is writing

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第5题

Besides damaging people’s ability to do their best in sports, lack of sleep has also bee

A. physical

B. emotional

C. clinical

D. intellectual

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第6题

— Do you know how many () a horse has and how many () a bee has?— Of course, I know.

A.teeth; feet

B.tooth; foot

C.foot; teeth

D.teeth; foot

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第7题

Text 4Jill Ker Conway ,president of Smith ,echoes the prevailing view of contemporary tech

Text 4

Jill Ker Conway ,president of Smith ,echoes the prevailing view of contemporary technology when she says that " anyone in today's world who doesn't understand data processing is not educated. " But she insists that the mcreasing emphasis on these matters leave certain gaps. Says she: "The very strongly utilitarian emphasis in education ,which is an effect of man-made satellites and the cold war, has really removed from this culture something that was very profound in its 18th and 19th century roots ,which was a sense that literacy and learning were ends in themselves for a demo- cratic republic. "

In contrast to Plato's claim for the social value of education,a quite different idea of intellectu-al purposes was advocated by the Renaissance humanists. Ovejoyed with their rediscovery of the classical leaming that was thought to have disappeared during the Dark Ages,they argued that the imparting of knowledge needs no justification-religious ,social ,economic ,or political. Its purpose,to the extent that it has one ,is to pass on from generation to generation the corpus of knowledge that constitutes civilization. "What could man acquire ,by virtuous striving ,that is more valuable than knowledge?" asked Erasmus ,perhaps the greatest scholar of the early 16th century. That idea has acquired a tradition of its own. "The educational process has no end beyond itself," said John Dewey. "It is its own end. "

But what exactly is the corpus of knowledge to be passed on? In simpler times ,it was all included in the medieval universities' Quadrivium (arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music ) and Trivium(grammar, thetoric ,logic). As recently as the last century ,when less than 5% of Americans went to college at all, students in New England establishments were compelled mainly to memorize and recite various Latin texts,and crusty professors angrily opposed the introduction of any new scientific discoveries or modern European languages. "They felt," said regretfully Charles Francis Adams, Jr. ,the Union Pacific Railroad president who devoted his later years to writing history ,"that a classical education was the important distinction between a man who had been to college and a man who had not been to college ,and that anything that diminished the importance of this distinction was essentially revolutionary and tended to anarchy. "

56. The first paragraph shows that Jill Ker Conway accepts utilitarian emphasis in education

[A] wholeheartedly.

[B] with reservation.

[C] against her own will.

[D] with contempt.

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第8题

A team of researchers has found that immunizing patients with bee venom instead of with th
e bees' crushed bodies can better prevent serious and sometimes fatal sting reactions in the more than one million Americans who are hypersensitive to bee stings. The crushed-body treatment has been standard for fifty years, but a report released recently said that it was ineffective. The serum made from the crushed bodies of bees produced more adverse reactions than the injections of the venom did.

The research compared results of the crushed-body treatment with results of immunotherapy that used insect venom and also with results of a placebo. After six to ten weeks of immunization, allergic reactions to stings occurred in seven of twelve patients treated with the placebo, seven of twelve treated with crushed body extract, and one of eighteen treated with the venom.

The word "fatal" in paragraph 1, sentence 1 is closest in meaning to ______.

A.harmful

B.lethal

C.painful

D.disease-causing

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第9题

Many animals use some kinds of "language".They use signals (信号) and the signals have meanings.For example,(1)a bee has found some food,it goes back to its home.It is difficult for a bee to tell(2)bees where the food is by speaking to them,but it can do a ltte dancing.This tells the bees where the food is and how far away it is.Some animals show how they feel by making sounds.It is not difficult to tell if a dog is angry because it barks.Birds makeseveral different sounds and(3)has its meaning.Sometimes we humans make sounds in the same way.We make sounds like "Oh!" or "Ouch!" to show how we feel about something or we(4) something on our feet.We humans have languages.We have words.These words have meanings.We are able to give each other information,to tell other people what we think or feel.By writing downwords,we can remember what has happened or 5 messages to people far away.

1.A.since

B.why

C.because

D.when

2.A.the other

B.another

C.others

D.each other

3.A.some

B.each

C.every

D.all

4.A.set

B.fall

C.put

D.drop

5.A.get

B.bring

C.send

D.catch

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第10题

Section III Reading Comprehension(60 minutes)Part ADirections :Read the following four tex

Section III Reading Comprehension

(60 minutes)

Part A

Directions :

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.Mark your answers on, ANSWER SHEET1.

Text 1

Competition for admission to the country's top private schools has always been tough, but this year Elisabeth realized it had reached a new level. Her wake-up call came when a man called the Dalton School in Manhattan, where Elisabeth is admissions director, and inquired about the age cutoff for their kindergarten program. After providing the information, she asked about the age of his child. The man paused for an uncomfortably long time before answering. "Well, we don't have a child yet. We're trying to figure out when to conceive a child so the birthday is not a problem. "

Worries are spreading from Manhattan to the rest of the country. Precise current data on private schools are unavailable, but interviews with representatives of independent schools all told the same story: an oversupply of applicants, higher rejection rates. "We have people calling us for spots two years down the road," said Marilyn of the Seven Hills School in Cincinnati. " We have grandparents calling for pregnant daughters. " Public opinion polls indicate that Americans' No. 1 concern is edu-cation .Now that the long economic boom has given parents more disposable income, many are tuming to private schools, even at price tags of well over $ 10,000 a year. "We're getting appli-cants from a broader area geographically than we ever have in the past," said Betsy of the Latin School of Chicago, which experienced a 20 percent increase in applications this year.

The problem for the applicants is that while demand has increased, supply has not. "Every Year ,there are a few children who do not find places, but this year, for the first time that I know of , there are a significant number without places ,"said Elisabeth.

So what can parents do to give their 4-year-old an edge? Schools know there is no easy way to pick a class when children are so young. Many schools give preference to children of their gradu- ates. Some make the choice by drawing lots. But most rely on a mix of subjective and objective measures: tests that at best identify developmental maturity and cognitive potential, interviews with parents and observation of applicants in classroom settings. They also want a diverse mix. Children may end up on a waiting list simply because their birthdays fall at the wrong time of year, or be- cause too many applicants were boys.

The worst thing a patent can do is to pressure preschoolers to perform-for example, by push-ing them to read or do math exercises before they're ready. Instead, the experts say, parents should take a breath and look for alternatives. Another year in preschool may be all that's needed.

41. From this text we learn that it is

[A] harder to make a choice between public and private schools.

[B] harder to go to private schools this year than before.

[C] more difficult to go to public schools than to private schools.

[D] as difficult to go to private schools this year as before.

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