Courts faced with a choice of law issue have a two－stage process. The second one is th

Courts faced with a choice of law issue have a two-stage process. The first one is the court will apply the law of the forum (lex fori) to all () matters (including, self-evidently, the choice of law rules)

A、infringement

B、procedural

C、renvoi

D、plaintiff

. There is a lot of specialization, a great deal of attention to the individual, a vast amount of advanced technical equipment, and intense effort not to make mistakes because of the financial risk which doctors and hospitals must face in the courts if they handle things badly.

But the Americans are in a mess. The problem is the way in which health care is organized and financed. Contrary to public belief, it is not just a free competition system. To the private system has been joined a large public system, because private care was simply not looking after the less fortunate and the elderly.

But even with this huge public part of the system, which this year will eat up 84.5 billion dollars—more than 10 percent of the U.S. budget—large numbers of Americans are left out. These include about half the 11 million unemployed and those who fail to meet the strict limits on income fixed by a government trying to make savings where it can.

The basic problem, however, is that there is no central control over the health system. There is no limit to what doctors and hospitals charge for their services, other than what the public is able to pay. The number of doctors has shot up and prices have climbed. When faced with toothache, a sick child, or a heart attack, all the unfortunate person concerned can do is pay up.

Two-thirds of the population are covered by medical insurance. Doctors charge as much as they want knowing that the insurance company will pay the bill.

The medical profession has as a result become America's new big businessmen. The average income of doctors has now reached $100,000 a year. With such vast incomes the talk in the doctor's surgery is as likely to be about the doctor's latest financial deal, as about whether the minor operation he is recommending at several thousand dollars is entirely necessary.

The rising cost of medicine in the U.S.A. is among the most worrying problem facing the country. In 1981 the country's health cost climbed 15.9 percent—about twice as fast as prices in general.

In the U.S. patients can expect, in medical treatment, ______.

A．occasional mistakes by careless doctors

B．a great deal of personal attention

C．low charge by doctors and hospitals

D．stacking nurses and bad services

A.Magistrates’ courts

B.Youth courts

C.district courts

D.The Crown Court

What underlies the courts rulings seems to be that _____.

A．the courts have been bribed heavily by the rich employers.

B．the courts think that the disabled should not go to work.

C．the courts underestimate discrimination against the disabled.

D．the courts are too busy with other lawsuits to care enough.

The word () means "a technique for the resolution of disputes outside the courts".

A、injunction

B、arbitration

C、domicile

D、chattel

A.has

B.is

C.stands

D.builds

zed by dual hierarchies: there are both state and federal courts. Each state has its own system of courts, composed of civil and criminal trial courts, sometimes intermediate courts of appeal, and a state supreme court. The federal court system consists of a series of trial courts(called district courts)serving relatively small geographic regions(There is at least one for every state), a tier of circuit courts of appeal that hear appeals from many district counts in a particular geographic region, and the Supreme Court of the United States. The two court systems are to some extent overlapping, in that certain kinds of disputes (such as a claim that a state law is in violation of the Constitution)may be initiated in either system. They are also to some extent hierarchical, for the federal system stands above the state sys- tem in that litigants (persons engaged in lawsuits )who lose their cases in the state supreme courts may appeal their cases to the Supreme Court of the United States.

Thus, the typical court case begins in a trail count—a court of general jurisdiction—in the state or federal system. Most cases go to further than the trial court; for example, the criminal defendant is convicted (by a trial or a guilty plea)and sentenced by the court and the case ends; the personal injury suit results in a judgment by a trail court (or an out-of-court settlement by the parties while the court suit is pending)and the parties leave the court sys- tem. But sometimes the losing party at the trial court cares enough about the cause that the matter does not end there. In these cases, the "loser" at the trial court may appeal to the next higher court.

According to the passage, district courts are also known as______.

A．circuit courts

B．supreme courts

C．intemediate courts

D．trial courts