So society has us all at its mercy. It has only to murmur to the man that staying home

rformed on a person-to person【C1】______ by the simple means of speech. If we travel in buses, stand in football match【C2】______ , we are likely to have conversation【C3】______ we give information or opinions, and sometimes have our views【C4】______ by other members of society. Face-to-face contact is【C5】______ the only form. of communication and during the last two hundred years the【C6】______ of mass communication has become one of the dominating factors of contemporary society. Two things, 【C7】______ others, have caused the enormous growth of the communication industry. Firstly, inventiveness has led to【C8】______ in printing, photography and so on. Secondly, speed has revolutionized the【C9】______ and reception of communications so that local news often takes【C10】______ back beat to national news.

No longer is the possession of information【C11】______ to a privileged minority. Forty years ago people used to【C12】______ to the cinema, but now far more people sit at home and turn on the TV to watch a programme that【C13】______ into millions of homes. Communication is no longer merely concerned【C14】______ the transmission of information. The modem communications industry influences the way people live in society and broadens, their【C15】______ by allowing access to information, education and entertainment. The printing, broadcasting and【C16】______ industries are all involved with informing, educating and entertaining.

【C17】______ a great deal of the material communicated by the mass media is very【C18】______ to the individual and to the society of which he is a part, the vast modem network of communications is【C19】______ to abuse. How ever, the mass media are with us for better, for worse, and there is no turning【C20】______ .

【C1】

A．basis

B．base

C．foundation

D．ground

mal rough-and-tumble(混战) is impossible to make, or so the argument runs: This position may appeal to our inclination for legalism, but the truth is most of us know quite well when an act of needless savagery has been committed, and sports are little different from countless other activities of life. The distinction is as apparent as that between a deliberately aimed blow and the arm hailing of an athlete losing his balance. When a player bails his hand into a fist, when he drives his helmet into an unsuspecting opponent in shorts, when he crosses the boundary between playing hard and playing to hurt he can only intend an act of violence.

Admittedly, rough acts in sports are difficult to police. But here, too, we find reflected the conditions of everyday life. Ambiguities in the law, confusion at the scene, and the reluctance of witnesses cloud almost any routine assault case. Such uncertainties, however, have not prevented society from arresting people who strike their fellow citizens on the street.

Perhaps our troubles stem not from the games we play but rather from how we play them. The 1979 meeting between hockey(曲棍球) stars from the Soviet Union and the National Hockey League provided a direct test of two approaches to sport—the emphasis on skill, grace, and finesse(技巧) by the Russians and the stress on brutality and violence by the NHL. In a startling upset, the Russians embarrassed their rough-playing opponents and exploded a long-standing myth: that success in certain sports requires excessive violence.

Violence apologists cite two additional arguments: First, they say, sports always have been rough; today things are no different. But arguments in America's Old West Were settled, on Main Street with six-guns, and early cave-dwellers chose their women with a club. Civilizing influences ended those practices; yet we are told sports violence should be tolerated. The second contention is that athletes accept risk as part of the game, and, in the case of professionals, are

paid handsomely to do so. But can anyone seriously argue that being an athlete should require the acceptance of unnecessary physical abuse？ And, exaggerated as it may seem, the pay of professional athletes presumably reflects their abilities, not a payment against combat injuries.

"Clearly we are in deep trouble," says perplexed former football player AL DeRogatis. "But how and why has it gotten so bad？"

According to the author, the distinction between violent acts and non-violent ones in sports is ______.

A．impossible to make

B．not very clear in any circumstances

C．too obvious to escape observation

D．not very difficult to make if enough attention is paid to

A Speech-- Better Lives for All

In today' s society, working people can seldom find time to relax in their busy schedules.They often work over time because of too much work waiting in queue, which ends up causing a lot of physical and mental problems.Fortunately, more and more people are now aware that relaxation and stress-relief are necessary for life.One' s health should never be sacrificed for a need to work hard.Indeed, finding time to relax makes people work more efficiently

Many people plan trips to spend their free time traveling with their loved ones.This may have been a luxury in the past, but it has become more common in recent years.Travel ing at home and abroad has now become convenient and affordable

Going jogging and going to the gym after work have also become more popular, as they are rather convenient ways to exereise and stay fit.Exercising he lps relax your body and has been shown to relieve mental stress as well.This demand for recreation and lei sure service has al so st imulated the economy.as new businesses are created to meet these needs

in sum, working hard is important, hut having a good qunlity of life can actually facilitate your success at work, Knowing when and how to relax should be a part of well-balanced lifestyles.Take a walk outdoors, visit the gym, or go jogging You will find that your time was not wasted, even if it was not spent working in your office.(判断正误)

26.In today' s society, working people can often find time to relax themselves in their busy schedules.()

27.Few people are now aware that relaxation and stress-relief are necessary for life.()

28.Traveling has become more common in recent years.()

29.Exercising can only help relax your body.()

30.People should keep a balance between work and relaxation.()

thy. But these are not their only use. They give us valuable practice in making eyes, brain and muscles work together. In tennis, our eyes see the ball coming, judge its speed and direction and pass this information on to the brain~ The brain then has to decide what to do, and to send its orders to the muscles of the arms, legs, and so on, so that the ball is met and hit back where it ought to go. All this must happen with very great speed, and only those who have had a lot of practice at tennis can carry out this complicated chain of events successfully. For those who work with their brains most of the day, the practice of such skills is especially useful.

Sports and games are also very useful for character-training. In their lessons at school, boys and girls may learn about such virtues as unselfishness, courage, discipline and love of one's country; but what is learned in books cannot have the same deep effect on a child's character as what is learned by experience~ The ordinary day-school cannot give much practical training in living, because most of the pupils' time is spent in classrooms, studying lessons. So it is what the pupils do in their spare time that really prepares them to take their place in society as citizens when they grow up. (16) If each of them learns to work for his team and not for himself on the football field, he will later find it natural to work for the good of his country instead of only for his own benefit.

When we play tennis we have to______.

A．use, first, our eyes, then the brain and finally the muscles

B．make our eyes, brain and muscles work almost at the same time

C．use mainly the arms and legs to hit

D．use mainly the muscles so that the ball is met and hit back

A. on

B. down

C. up

D. above

thy. But there are not their only use. They give us valuable practice in making eyes, brain and muscles work together. In tennis, our eyes see the ball coming, judge its speed and direction and pass this information on to the brain. The brain then has to decide what to do, and to send its orders to the muscles of the arms, legs, and so on, so that the ball is met and hit back where it ought to go. All this must happen with very great speed, and only those who have had a lot of practice at tennis can carry out this complicated chain of events successfully. For those who work with their brains most of the day, the practice of such skills is especially useful.

Sports and games are also very useful for character-training. In their lessons at school, boys and girls may learn about such virtues as unselfishness, courage, discipline and love of one's country; but what is learned in books cannot have the same deep effect on a child's character as what is learned by experience. The ordinary day-school cannot give much practical training in living, because most of the pupils' time is spent in classes, studying lessons. So it is what the pupils do in their spare time that really prepares them to take their place in society as citizens when they grow up. If each of them learns to work for his team and not for himself on the football field, he will later find it natural to work for the good of his country instead of only for his own benefit.

When we play tennis we have to ______.

A．use, first, our eyes, then the brain and finally the muscles

B．make our eyes, brain and muscles work almost at the same time

C．use mainly the arms and legs to hit the ball

D．use mainly the muscles so that the ball is met and hit back

For questions 1-7, markY(for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage; N(for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage; NG(for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage.

The Trouble With Television

It is difficult to escape the influence of television. If you fit the statistical averages, by the age of 20 you will have been exposed to at least 20,000 hours of television. You can add 10,000 hours for each decade you have lived after the age of 20. The only things Americans do more than watch television are work and sleep.

Calculate for a moment what could be done with even a part of those hours. Five thousand hours, I am told, are what a typical college undergraduate spends working on a bachelor's degree. In 10,000 hours you could have learned enough to become an astronomer or engineer. You could have learned several languages fluently. If it appealed to you, you could be reading Homer in the original Greek or Dostoyevsky in Russian. If it didn't, you could have walked around the world and written a book about it.

The trouble with television is that it discourages concentration. Almost anything interesting and rewarding in life requires some constructive, consistently applied effort. The dullest, the least gifted of us can achieve things that seem miraculous to those who never concentrate on anything. But Television encourages us to apply no effort. It sells us instant gratification(满意). It diverts us only to divert, to make the time pass without pain.

Television's variety becomes a narcotic(麻醉的), nor a stimulus. Its serial, kaleidoscopic (万花筒般的)exposures force us to follow its lead. The viewer is on a perpetual guided tour: 30 minutes at the museum, 30 at the cathedral, 30 for a drink, then back on the bus to the next attraction—except on television., typically, the spans allotted arc on the order of minutes or seconds, and the chosen delights are more often car crashes and people killing one another. In short, a lot of television usurps(篡夺;侵占) one of the most precious of all human gifts, the ability to focus your attention yourself, rather than just passively surrender it.

Capturing your attention—and holding it—is the prime motive of most television programming and enhances its role as a profitable advertising vehicle. Programmers live in constant fear of losing anyone's attention—anyone's. The surest way to avoid doing so is to keep everything brief, not to strain the attention of anyone but instead to provide constant stimulation through variety, novelty, action and movement. Quite simply, television operates on the appeal to the short attention span.

It is simply the easiest way out. But it has come to be regarded as a given, as inherent in the medium itself; as an imperative, as though General Sarnoff, or one of the other august pioneers of video, had bequeathed(遗留;传于) to us tablets of stone commanding that nothing in television shall ever require more than a few moments' Concentration.

In its place that is fine. Who can quarrel with a medium that so brilliantly packages escapist entertainment as a mass-marketing tool？ But I see its values now pervading this nation and its life. It has become fashionable to think that, like fast food, fast ideas are the way to get to a fast-moving, impatient public.

In the case of news, this practice, in my view, results in inefficient communication. I question how much of television's nightly news effort is really absorbable and understandable. Much of it is what has been aptly described as "machine-gunning with scraps." I think the technique fights coherence. I think it tends to make things ultimately boring (unless they are accompanied by horrifying pictures) because almost anything is boring if you know almost nothing about it.

I believe that TV's appeal to the short attention span is not only inefficient communication but decivilizing as well. Consider the casual assumptions that television tends to cultivate: that complexity must be avoided, that visual stimulation is a substitute for thought, that verbal precision is an anachronism. It may be old-fashioned, but I was taught that thought is words, arranged in grammatically precise.

There is a crisis of literacy in this country. One study estimates that some 30 million adult Americans are "functionally illiterate" and cannot read or write well enough to answer the want ad or understand the instructions on a medicine bottle.

Literacy may not be an inalienable human right, but it is one that the highly literate Founding Fathers might not have found unreasonable or even unattainable. We are not only not attaining it as a nation, statistically speaking, but we are falling further and further short of attaining it. And, while I would not be so simplistic as to suggest that television is the cause, I believe it contributes and is an influence.

Everything about this nation—the structure of the society, its forms of family organization, its economy, its place in the world— has become more complex, not less. Yet its dominating communications instrument, its principal form. of national linkage, is one that sells neat resolutions to human problems that usually have no neat resolutions. It is all symbolized in my mind by the hugely successful art form. that television has made central to the culture, the 30-second commercial: the tiny drama of the earnest housewife who finds happiness in choosing the right toothpaste.

When before in human history has so much humanity collectively surrendered so much of its leisure to one toy, one mass diversion？ When before has virtually an entire nation surrendered itself wholesale to a medium for selling？

Some years ago Yale University law professor Charles L. Black. Jr., wrote: "... forced feeding on trivial fare is not itself a trivial matter-" I think this society is being forced-fed with trivial fare, and I fear that the effects on our habits of mind, our language, our tolerance for effort, and our appetite for complexity are only dimly perceived. If I am wrong, we will have done no harm to look at the issue skeptically and critically, to consider how we should be residing it. I hope you will join with me in doing so.

1. In America people do sleeping and watching televisions more than anything else.

2. From the passage we know the time an average American spends on watching TV could have made the person learn to become an astronomer or engineer.

3. The trouble with TV is that it distracts people’s attention and encourages them to make no efforts toward their life.

4. TV programmers base this operation on the attraction of long-span attention of audiences.

5. According to the author the improper television operation in American society will be likely to make things eventually boring.

6. Americans will face a serious problem of illiteracy due to the negative impact of TV.

7. In American society literacy is a certain right that cannot be deprived.

A.A.so the people have

B.B.the people have so

C.C.so have the people

D.D.have the people so

g talked to _______ it has all but lost the will and the skill to speak for itself.

A as B which C that D what