题目
第1题
A、chemicals
B、smoke
C、bacteria
D、perfume
第2题
The word "dominant" in the passage is closest in meaning to
A.local
B.natural
C.chief
D.specific
第3题
Questions 61-65 are based on Passage Two:
Passage Two
Everyone becomes a little more forgetful as they get older, but men's minds decline(衰退) more than women's, according to the results of a worldwide survey.
Certain differences seem to be inherent in male and female brains: Men are better at maintaining and dealing with mental images (useful in mathematical reasoning and spatial skills),while women tend to excel (擅长) at recalling information from their brain's files (helpful with language skills and remembering the locations of objects).
Many studies have looked for a connection between sex and the amount of mental decline people experience as they age, but the results have been mixed.
Some studies found more age-related decline in men than in women, while others the opposite or even no relationship at all between sex and mental decline. Those results could be improper because the studies involved older people, and women live longer than men: The men tested are the survivors,“So they're the ones that may not have shown such cognitive decline,” said study team leader Elizabeth of the University of Warwick in Egland.
People surveyed completed four tasks that tested sex-related cognitive skills: matching an object to its rotated form, matching lines shown from the same angle, typing as many words in a particular category(范畴) as possible in the given time, e. g.“object usually I colored gray”, and recalling the location of objects in a line drawing.The first two were task at which men usually excel; the latter were typically dominated by women.
Within each age group studied, men and women performed better in their separate categories on average. And though performance declined with age for both genders, women showed obviously less decline than men overall.
The underlined word in the second paragraph means_________.
A. natural
B. great
C. obvious
D. absolute
第4题
However, the new report disagrees. It was made by the Food and Nutrition Board of the United States National Academy of Sciences. The new report by a team of 15 scientists said there is no evidence to link cholesterol in food directly to heart disease. It noted seven major studies involving people whose diet was changed to include only foods low in cholesterol. The studies found only a very small reduction in the number of heart attacks and there was no reduction in the number of heart attack deaths.
Other studies have shown similar results. They found that a change to low cholesterol foods will have only a minor effect on the amount of cholesterol in a person's blood and only a minor effect on the number of deaths.
Medical scientists hope that two huge new studies may settle the cholesterol dispute. The tests are designed to learn if low cholesterol foods or anti-cholesterol drugs, or both, can reduce the amount of the substance in the blood and reduce the chance of a heart attack. The two new studies will be finished in the next year or two.
The new Academy of Sciences report also discussed other possible links between food and disease. The scientists, in general, they are deeply concerned about some of the recent advice given about food. They noted that a number of private groups, government agencies and several popular books have advised that people can prevent heart disease, cancer and other sicknesses by changing the kinds of foods they eat. The new report said there is often no good scientific evidence to support such advice. In fact, the scientists said such ideas often produce only false hopes or unnecessary fears.
According to the passage, people could reduce the chance of suffering heart attack by ______.
A.eating less foods with a lot of cholesterol
B.eating less of low cholesterol foods
C.eating a lot of high cholesterol foods
D.eating drugs
第5题
In 1985, the Coca-cola company made the decision to change the formula of its leading soft drink. (1985年,可口可乐公司决定改变他们主要的软饮料的配方)The change was based on the findings of many market studies. These studies had shown that the general response to the new product was good. However, the change of the traditional Coca-cola by New Coke was rejected by the majority of drinkers. In fact, the company had to step back and restart production of the old formula of Coca-cola.
The most important reason why New Coke was rejected was the emotional relationship that existed between drinkers and the old soft drink formula. Drinking Coca-cola had become a tradition for many people over its 99 years of existence. The change made by the company was not only in Coke’s formula but also in the traditional values and memories that it represented to the drinkers. “We had taken away more than the product Coca-cola. We had taken away a little part of them and their past.” The drinkers rejected this “improvement”, because “they believed that Coke stood for traditional value...so they felt betrayed when the product changed completely overnight”.
Although a lot of research was done by Coca-cola company, it didn’t show the depth of drinkers’emotion for the product. The studies took many forms, but none of the tests was able to measure the degree of personal and emotional reactions caused by the disappearance of the old, traditional Coca-cola. The weakness of the research was that it was mainly quantitative in form. The result was only numbers that could not show the deep meaning the product had for many people. A more extensive study focusing on the qualitative aspects of the change would perhaps have been able to demonstrate the close relationship existing between drinkers and product.
1.Coca-cola company changed the formula in 1985 because __________.
A.it led the soft drink industry in the market
B.its market studies supported the change in the formula
C.it carried out market research for expansion
D.it simply felt the need to make the change
2.According to the passage, the drinkers rejected New Coke because of __________.
A.the late response to the market by Coca-cola company
B.the reproduction of Coca-cola’s old drink formula
C.a strong dislike by Coca-cola’s regular drinkers
D.the emotional relationship between the drinkers and the old soft drink
3.The product Coca-cola was believed to stand for __________.
A.traditional values and good memories
B.traditional customs and happy days
C.past honors and efficient management
D.top quality and wonderful taste
4.Which of the following statements is true?
A.Research by Coca-cola considered emotional factors.
B.Coca-cola did little research before they made the change.
C.Research by Coca-cola was quantitative rather than qualitative.
D.Research by Coca-cola was both quantitative and qualitative.
5.The author of the article clearly indicates that __________.
A.the weakness of the research could have been removed
B.Coca-cola should have measured the quantitative factors more carefully
C.Coca-cola should have done a more extensive qualitative study
D.A slower change of the product might have improved the sales of the company
第6题
Question 37 to 46 are based on the following passage.
It's our guilty pleasure: Watching TV is the most common everyday activity, after work and sleep, in many parts of the world. Americans view five hours of TV each day, and while we know that spending so much time sitting(37)_____ can lead to obesity(肥胖症)and other disease, researchers have now quantified just how(38)_____ being a couch potato can be.
In an analysis of data from eight large(39)_____ published studies, a Harvard-led group reported in the Journal of the American Medical Association that for every two hours per day spent channel(40)_____, the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes(糖尿病)rose 20% over 8.5 years, the risk of heart disease increased 15% over a(41)_____, and the odds of dying prematurely(42)_____ 13% during a seven-year follow-up. All of these(43)_____ are linked to a lack of physical exercise. But compared with other sedentary(久坐的)activities, like knitting, viewing TV may be especially(44)_____ at promoting unhealthy habits. For one, the sheer number of hours we pass watching TV dwarfs the time we spend on anything else. And other studies have found that watching ads for beer and popcorn may make you more likely to(45)_____ them.
Even so, the authors admit that they didn't compare different sedentary activities to(46)_____ whether TV watching was linked to a greater risk of diabetes, heart disease or early death compared with, say, reading.
A.climbed
B.consume
C.decade
D.determine
E.effective
F.harmful
G.outcomes
H.passively
I.previously
J.resume
K.suffered
L.surfing
M.term
N.terminals
O.twisting
第7题
Working-class families in the United States are usually nuclear, and
many studies indicate that working-class couples marry for love, not
for money. Upper-class couples may marry for love, but their commitment
of love is sometimes compromised by the recognition of their marriage 【M1】______
as a way to preserve their class identity. Middle-class couples may also
marry for love, but the overridden task of middle-class families is also 【M2】______
an-economic thing—to enhance the earning power of the breadwinner. 【M3】______
Of course, working-class people are also affected by the economic
realities for their families must operate like economic units as well. 【M4】______
However, the economic tasks of families are more a part of their dreams 【M5】______
about marriage than they are a part of the reality of their married life.
Indeed, to many a working-class couples, love provides a way to escape 【M6】______
from the difficulties of their parents’ home and starts their own family life. 【M7】______
Another distinctive feature of working-class families is the majority 【M8】______
of them have limited choices about the work available to them. Their
"choices' are often the "leftovers" in the job market. People from working-class
families do seek serf-esteem and personal confirmation, and they come 【M9】______
to their jobs full of hopes. However, given the way which production 【M10】______
and consumption are organized in advancing societies like the U.S.,
members of the working-class often experience exploitation in struggling
at jobs that may be less meaningful.
【M1】
第8题
"It is a matter of urgency to get better analysis and review," said Dr. Simon Mardel, a WHO official who led the two-day meeting that ended on Friday. He said thousands of potential therapies and compounds had been tested so far as researchers try to determine treatments for SARS, or severe acute respiratory syndrome. "We recognize that having no treatment for SARS is hindering our ability to control an epidemic in so many ways." He said.
In the epidemic earlier this year, various treatments, like drugs to fight the virus or strengthen the immune system, as well as traditional Chinese medicine, were delivered under emergency conditions, in widely different settings and countries to patients suffering from varying stages of the illness. Those conditions--generally without standardized measurements or controlled situations-- have made it hard to interpret results.
Standard supportive therapy like nursing, and in severe cases the use of mechanical respirators (呼吸器) to help patients breathe, is the mainstay (主要支持) of SARS care, and helped many patients survive. But doctors still do not know how best to treat SARS patients who have breathing difficulties, Dr. Mardel said. One method is invasive ventilation. A second method involves blowing oxygen into the lungs through a mask. Both carry the risk of transmitting the virus to hospital employees. Without proper analysis, the panel was unable to say definitively which treatment worked best, or which caused the most harm. "There is a lack of shared information," Dr. Mardel said, noting that a lot of data have not been published.
The panel also agreed on guidelines that would allow doctors to conduct quick and safe clinical trials, a process that generally takes years to complete. The World Health organization, a United Nations agency did not release the guidelines. Dr. Mardel said they were flexible because no one knew where, when and in what setting SARS would return. Experts in many countries have already listed the treatments they want to test, and the health agency is leaving these decisions to individual nations.
Guidelines recommended by the scientific panel can be used for______.
A.gathering potentially useful information about various therapies collected
B.conducting clinical studies of SAR8 patients
C.determining treatment for SARS
D.published all the information about SARS
第9题
【C1】
A.vibrate
B.interfere
C.increase
D.vanish
第10题
Identifying leadership traits, or the physical and psychological characteristics of leaders, was the first formal approach, and had a lot of intuitive appeal. It owed its origins to the mm of the century (about 1904) when trait studies began. At this time most American leaders came from certain wealthy families, the vast majority were white males, and there were some social norms about what leaders looked like (tall, square jaw, well groomed, etc.). The original assumption that "leaders are born, not made" has been discredited, because there were too many exceptions to the traits to give them any credibility. Beginning after World War II, in sharp contrast to the trait approach, the behavioral approach looked at what a leader does, what behaviors leaders use that set them apart from others. This approach assumed that leadership could be learned. Virtually all of the studies focused on classifying behaviors according to whether they fell into a process or "people approach" (satisfying individual needs), or a "task approach" (getting the job done). The basis for this classification was in the discovery in social psychology that every group needs someone to fulfill both these roles in the group for it to be effective. The earliest of these studies began in Ohio State University and the University of Michigan in the late 1940s. Many of the early trait and behavioral writers tried to make their ideas applicable to all leadership situations. The earliest situational approach to leadership was developed in 1958. This approach strived to identify characteristics of the situation that allowed one leader to be effective where another was not. The trend later developed toward the third approach, understanding the unique characteristics of a situation and what kind of leadership style. best matches with these.
Which of the following questions does the author answer in Paragraph 1?
A.What is "style"?
B.Is power the most important aspect of leadership?
C.How many main historical approaches have there been to leadership?
D.Why is leadership so difficult to define?
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