：Almost one half of all Americans have t0 pay expels，because（）．A．the list of taxes

Almost one half of all Americans have t0 pay expels，because（）．

A．the list of taxes seems endless

B．they would rather spend their time arid energy elsewhere．

C．they find their knowledge about taxes is s（）limited that they are unable t（）write tax repeals J by 111emselves：

D．paying experts t0 prepare their tax report and asking for tax advice have become very popular．

Almost every new innovation goes through three phases. When

initially introducing into the market, the process of adoption is slow. S1.______

The early models are expensive and hard to use, and perhaps even unsafe.

The economic impact is relatively great. S2.______

The second phase is the explosive one, where the innovation was S3.______

rapidly adopted by a large number of people. It gets cheaper and easier

to use and becomes something familiar. And then in the third stage, diffusion

of the innovation slows down again, as if it permeates out across the S4.______

economy. During the explosive phase, the whole new industries

spring up to produce the new product or innovation, but to service it. S5.______

For example, during the 1920s, there was a dramatic acceleration in auto

production, from 1.9 million in 1920 to 4.5 million in 1929. This boom was

accompanying by all sorts of other essential activities necessary for S6.______

auto-based nation: Roads had to be built for the cars to run on; refineries and S7.______

oil wells, to provide the gasoline; and garages, to repair it. Historically, the S8.______

same pattern is repeated again and again with innovations. The construction

of the electrical system requested an enormous early investment in generation S9.______

and distribution capacity. The introduction of the radio was followed by a buying

spree(无节制的狂热行为) by Americans what quickly brought radios into S10.______

almost half of all households by 1930, up from nearly none in 1924.

【S1】

Exercise is one of the few factors with a positive role in long term maintenance of body weight. Unfortunately, that message has not gotten through to the average American, that would rather try __1__switching to "light" beer and low-calorie bread than increase physical exertion. The Centers for Disease Control, for example, found that fewer than one-fourth of overweight adults were trying to shed __2__pounds said they were combining exercise with their diet. In rejecting exercise, some people may be discouraged too much by calorie-expending charts; for example, one would have to __3__briskly walk three miles just to work the 275 calories in one __4__delicious Danish pastry. Even exercise professionals concede half a point here. "Exercise in itself is a very tough way to lose weight," __5__says York Onnen, the program director of the President's Council on __6__Physical Fitness and Sports.

Therefore, exercise's supporting role in weight reduction is vital. __7__A study at the Boston University Medical Center of overweight police officers and other public employees confirmed that those who diet __8__without exercise regained almost all their old weight, while those who worked exercise into their daily routine maintained their new weight.

If you decide to start walking one mile a day, the added exercise could burn an extra 100 calories daily. In a year's time, assumed no __9__increase in food takein, you could lose ten pounds. By increasing the __10__distance of your walks gradually and making other dietary adjustments,you may lose even more weight.

Low levels of literacy (读写能力) and numeracy (计算能力) have a damaging impact on almost every aspect of adult life. Tests and interviews with hundreds of people born in a single week in 1958【C1】______ the handicap of educational underachievement. The【C2】______ were seen in unemployment, family breakdown, low incomes, depression and social inactivity.

Those【C3】______ left school at 16 with poor basic skills had been employed for up to tour years less than good readers by the time they【C4】______ 37. Professor John Bynner, of City University, said that today's【C5】______ teenagers would【C6】______ even greater problems because the【C7】______ of manual jobs had dried up.

Almost one in five of the 1,700 people interviewed had poor literacy skills and almost half struggled with numeracy, a proportion【C8】______ other surveys for the Basic Skills Agency. Some could not read aloud from a child's book, and most found【C9】______ in following【C10】______ instructions.

Poor readers were twice【C11】______ likely to be on a low wage and four times as likely to live in a household where【C12】______ partner w9rked. Women in this position were five times as likely to be【C13】______ as depressed,【C14】______ both sexes tended to feel they had no【C15】______ over their lives, and to be less trusting of【C16】______

【C17】______ with low literacy and numeracy skills were【C18】______ involved in any community organization and much less likely than others to have voted in a general election. There had been no【C19】______ in the level of interviewees reporting problems since the【C20】______ was surveyed at the age of 21.

【C1】

A．provided

B．illustrated

C．perceived

D．assumed

Almost half of my classmates()the Internet to use email.

A、contact with

B、take on

C、absorb into

D、log onto

A.95%

B.more than half

C.33%

D.less than half

Passage Three

When it comes to singling out those who have made a difference in all our lives, you cannot overlook Henry Ford. A historian a century from now might well conclude that it was Ford who most influenced all manufacturing, everywhere, even to this day, by introducing a new way to make cars--one, strange to say, that originated (超源于) in slaughterhouses (屠宰场).

Back in the early 1900's, slaughterhouses used what could have been called a "disassembly line". Ford reversed this process to see if it would speed up production of a part of an automobile engine called a magneto (磁电机). Rather than have each worker completely assemble a magneto, one of its elements was placed on a conveyer, and each worker, as it passed, added another part to it, the same one each time. Professor David Hounshell of the University of Delaware, an expert on industrial development, tells what happened.

"The previous day, workers carrying out the entire process had averaged one assembly every 20 minutes. But on that day, on the line, the assembly team averaged one every 13 minutes and 10 seconds per person."

Within a year, the time had been reduced to five minutes. In 1913, Ford went all the way. Hooked together by ropes, partially assembled vehicles were pulled past workers who completed them one piece at a time. It wasn't long before Ford was turning out several hundred thousand cars a year, a remarkable achievement then. And so efficient and economical was this new system that he cut the price of his cars in half, to ＄260, putting them within reach of all those who, up until that time, could not afford them. Soon, auto makers the world over copied him. In fact, he encouraged them to do so by writing a book about all of his innovations (革新), entitled Today and Tomorrow. The Age of the Automobile has arrived. Today, everything from toasters to perfumes is made on assembly lines.

To what extent does the writer agree with the historian a century from now？

A．He agrees only slightly.

B．He agrees almost completely.

C．He almost disagrees.

D．He disagrees completely.

Passage One

"Sugar, alcohol and tobacco," economist Adam Smith once wrote, "are commodities which are nowhere necessaries of life, which have become objects of almost universal consumption, and which are, therefore, extremely popular subjects of taxation."

Two and a half centuries on, most countries impose some sort of tax on alcohol and tobacco. With surging obesity levels putting increasing strain on public health systems, governments around the world have begun to toy with the idea of taxing sugar as well.

Whether such taxes work is a matter of debate. A preliminary review of Mexico&39;s taxation found a fall in purchases of taxed drinks as well as a rise in sales if untaxed and healthier drinks. By contrast, a Danish tax on foods high in fats was abandoned a year after its introduction, amid claims that consumers were avoiding it by crossing the border to Germany to satisfy their desire for cheaper, fattier fare.

The food industry has, in general, been firmly opposed to such direct government action. Nonetheless, the renewed focus on waistlines means that industry groups are under pressure to demonstrate their products are healthy as well as tasty.

Over the past three decades, the industry has made some efforts to improve the quality of its offerings. For example, some drink manufactures have cut the amount of sugar in their beverages.

Many of the reductions over the past 30 years have been achieved either by reducing the amount of sugar, salt or fat in a product, or by finding an alternative ingredient. More recently, however.

Some companies have been investing money in a more ambitious undertaking: learning how to adjust the fundamental make-up of the food they sell. For example, having salt on the outside, but none on the inside, reduces the salt content without changing the taste.

While reformulating recipes(配方)is one way to improve public health, it should be part of a multi-sided approach. The key is to remember that

there is not just one solution. To deal with obesity, a mixture of approaches-including reformulation, taxation and adjusting portion sizes-will be needed. There is no silver bullet.

What did Adam Smith say about sugar, alcohol and tobacco.

A.They were profitable to manufacture.

B.They were in ever-increasing demand.

C.They were subject to taxation almost everywhere.

D.They were no longer considered necessities of life.

Passage Three

How can we get rid of garbage.9 Do we have enough energy sources to meet our future energy needs？

These are two important questions that many people are asking today. Some people think that man might be able to solve both problems at the same time. They suggest using garbage as an energy source, and at the time it can save the land to hold garbage.

For a long time, people buried garbage or dumped it on empty land. Now, empty land is scarce. But more and more garbage is produced each year. However, garbage can be a good fuel to use. The things in garbage do not look like coal, petroleum, or natural gas; but they are chemically similar to these fossil fuels. As we use up our fossil-fuel supplies, we might be able to use garbage as an energy source. Burning garbage is not a new idea. Some cities in Europe and the United States have been burning garbage for years. The heat that is produced by burning garbage is used to boil water. The steam that is produced is used to make electricity or to heat nearby buildings. In Paris, France, some power plants burn almost 2 million metric tons of the cities garbage each year. The amount of energy produced is about the same as would be produced by burning almost a half million barrels of oil.

Our fossil fuel supplies are limited. Burning garbage might be one kind of energy source that we can use to help meet our energy needs.

44. What two problems can man solve by burning garbage？

A. The shortage of energy and air pollution.

B. The shortage of energy and the land to hold garbage.

C. Air pollution and the shortage of fossil fuel.

D. Air pollution and the shortage of land to hold garbage.

dding up to more than 8 billion animals each year. Reducing the amount of meat in one's diet is nutritionally, environmentally, and ethically beneficial.

People who eat meat usually have weaker immune systems compared to those of vegetarians. Meat has been directly linked to diabetes, obesity, arthritis, and many other illnesses. Furthermore, meat-esters are at a higher risk for diseases, including cancer, and they are more likely to die from these diseases. Critics say that a meatless diet does not provide enough nutrients, especially protein and iron. Actually, according to A Teen's Guide to Going Vegetarian, by Judy Krizmanic, protein is found in almost every food, and iron appears in many vegetables. Getting enough nutrients in a meat-reduced diet should not be difficult. A 1988study found that some of the highest pesticide residues appear in meat and eggs. Diets including more fruits and vegetables will only make people healthier.

Some skeptics believe that there will be a shortage of food if animals are not eaten. In fact, the opposite is true. More than 80% of the corn and 95% of the oats grown in the U.S. are fed to livestock. The world's cattle alone consume enough food to equal the caloric needs of 8.7 billion people, more than the entire human population. One half of the water used in the Unites States also goes to livestock; 2,50 gallons of water produces only 1 lb. of beef. If people eat less meat and more plants, the amount of available food will increase.

Many people become vegetarians because they feel that eating animals is unethical. 90% of these animals are raised in confinement. Chickens and other birds have only about half a square foot of space each, and since they are raised so close together, a lot blade is used to cut off their beaks to prevent them from pecking each other to death. Likewise, pigs that are repressed will bite each other's tails, so both their teeth and tails are removed as soon as they are born.

Eating animals is hazardous in numerous ways. Even a slight reduction in meat intake is better than nothing at all. Consuming less meat is beneficial to the health of animals, the health of people, and to the health of the world.

Why do some people become vegetarians？

A．They feel that eating animals is Unethical.

B．There are fewer livestock available due to the environmental pollution.

C．The consumption of meat will lead to financial problem.

D．Being a vegetarian is beneficial to the protection of water.