Former social ceremonies that used to mark adolescence have given place to ________. [

The main types of social networking services are those that contain category places (such as former school year or classmates), means to connect with friends (usually with self-description pages), and a recommendation system linked to （） .

A.net

B.interests

C.others

D.trust

aditional social morality, the hero and the heroine have to kill their own will andpassion and return to their former destructive way of life.

A、The Return of the Native

B、The Mayor of Casterbridge

C、Tess of the D'Urbervilles

D、Jude the Obscure

Slang , informal, nonstandard words and phrases , generally have shorter lives than the expressions of ordinary colloquial speech. The former are typically formed by creative , often witty juxtapositions of words or images. Slang can be contrasted with jargon (technical language of occupational or other groups) and with argot or cant (secret vocabulary of underworld groups) , but the borderlines separating these categories from slang are extremely blurred , and some writers use the terms cant , argot , and jargon in a general way to include all the foregoing meanings.

Slang trends originate in subcultures within a society. Occupational groups (for example , loggers , police , medical professionals , and computer specialists) are prominent originators of both jargon and slang. Other groups creating slang include the armed forces , teenagers , racial minorities , ghetto residents , labor unions , citizen-band radiobroadcasters , sports groups , drug addicts , criminals , and even religious denominations (Episcopalians , for example , produced the term ‘spike' , meaning a High Church Anglican). Slang expressions

often embody attitudes and values of group members. They may thus contribute to a sense of group identity and may convey to the, listener information about the speaker' s background. Before an apt expression becomes slang , however , it must be widely adopted by members of the subculture. At this point slang and jargon overlap greatly. If the subculture has enough

contact with the mainstream culture , its figures of speech become slang expressions known to the whole of society. For example , cool cat (aloof , stylish person) , Mr. Charley (a white man) , The Man (the law) , and Uncle Tom (a meek black) all originated in the predominantly black Harlem district of New York City and have traveled far since their inception. Slang is thus generally not tied to any geographic region within a country.

A slang expression may suddenly become widely used and as quickly dated (skiddoo). It may become accepted as standard speech , either in its original slang meaning (bus , from omnibus) or with an altered , possibly tamed meaning (jazz , which originally had sexual connotations). Some expressions have persisted for centuries as slang (booze for alcoholic beverage). In the 20th century , mass media and rapid travel have sped up both the circulation and the demise of slang terms. Television and novels have turned criminal cant into slang (five grand for $5000). Changing social circumstances may stimulate the spread of slang. Drug-related expressions (such as pot and marijuana) were virtually a secret jargon in the 1940s; in the 1960s they were adopted by rebe11ious youth; and in the 1970s and '80s they were widely known.

26. The passage mainly discusses ()·

A. the social function of slang and jargon

B. the origins of slang and its social application

C. how jargon differs from slang

D. the relationship between slang and subcultures

27. With reference to the outstanding contributors to the birth of slang , the author mentions all of the following

except ()

A. athletes

B. clergy

C. doctors

D. philosophers

28. The word They in para. 2 refers to ()

A. slang expressions

B. group members

C. attitudes and values

D. the speakers

29. Slang expressions contribute to

A. the identification of individuals speech patterns

B. the basic lifestyle. of a certain group

C. the identity of people as individuals

D. the identification of a social group

30. Which of the following , according to the passage , contributed to accelerating the metabolism (新陈代谢) of slang expressions in the 20th century ？

A. Newspapers and magazines

B. Rebellious youth

C. Religious denominations

D. Drug--users

t has different meanings. Butwhen British people say that their society is based on family life, they are thinking of "family"in itsnarrow, peculiarly European sense of mother, father and children living together in their own houseas an economic and social unit. Thus, every British marriage indicates the beginning of a new and in-dependent family--hence the tremendous importance of marriage in British life. For both man andwoman, marriage means leaving one’s parents and starting one’s own life. The man’s first duty willthen be to his wife, and the wife’s to her husband. He will be entirely responsible for her financialsupport, and she for the running of the new home. Their children will be their common responsibilityand their alone. Neither the wife’s parents nor the husband’s, nor their brothers or sisters, aunts oruncles, have any right to interfere with them-they are their own masters. Readers of novels likeJane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice will know that in former times, marriage among wealthy families were arranged by the girl’s parents, that is, it was the "parents' duty tofind a suitable husband for their daughter, preferably a rich one, and by skillful encouragement tolead him eventually to ask their permission to marry her. Until that time, the girl was protected andmaintained in the parents' home, and the financial relief of getting rid of her could be seen in theirgiving the newly married pair a sum of money called a dowry (嫁妆). It is very different today.Most girls of today get a job when they leave school and become financially independent before theirmarriage. This has had two results. A girl chooses her own husband, and she gets no dowry. Everycoin has two sides; independence for girls is no exception. But it may be a good thing for all of thegirls, as their social status are much higher and they are no longer the subordinate(部下，下级) oftheir parents and husbands. What does the author mean by "Family is of course an elastic word"？

A.Different families have different ways of life.

B.Different definitions could be given to the word.

C.Different nations have different families.

D.Different times produce different families.

they restrain their births. However, there has hardly been a year since 1957 in which birth rates have not fallen in the United States and other rich countries, and in 1976 the fall was especially sharp. Both former East Germany and former West Germany have fewer births than they have deaths, and the United States is only temporarily able to avoid this condition because the children of the baby boom are now an exceptionally large group of married couples.

It is true that Americans do not typically plan their births to set an example for developing nations. We are more affected by women's liberation: once women see interesting and well-paid jobs and careers available, they are less willing to provide free labor for child raising. From costing nothing, children suddenly come to seem impossibly expensive. And to the high cost of children are added the uncertainties introduced by divorce, couples are increasingly unwilling to subject children to the terrible experience of marital breakdown and themselves to the difficulty of raising a child alone.

These circumstances—women working outside the home and the instability of marriage—tend to spread with industrial society and they will affect more and more countries during the remainder of this century. Along with them goes social mobility, ambition to rise in the urban world, a main factor in bringing down the births in Europe in the nineteenth century.

Food shortage will happen again when the reserves resulting from the good harvests of 1976 and 1977 have been consumed. Urbanization is likely to continue with the cities of the developing nations struggling under the weight of twice their present populations by the year 2000. The presently rich countries are approaching a stable population largely because of the changed place of women？ and they incidentally are setting an example of restraint to the rest of the world. Industrial society will spread to the poor countries and aspirations will exceed resources. All this leads to a population in the twenty-first century that is smaller than was feared a few years ago. For those anxious to see world population brought under control the news is encouraging.

During the years from 1957 to 1976, the birth rate of the United States ______.

A．increased

B．experienced both falls and rises

C．was reduced

D．remained stable

回答题

"Family" is of course an elastic word．And in different countries it has different meanings．Butwhen British people say that their society is based on family life, they are thinking of "family" in itsnarrow, peculiarly European sense of mother, father and children living together in their own houseas an economic and social unit．Thus, every British marriage indicates the beginning of a new andindependent family--hence the tremendous importance of marriage in British life．For both man andwoman, marriage means leaving one&39; s parents and starting one&39; s own life．The man&39; s first dutywill then be to his wife, and the wife&39; s to her husband．He will be entirely responsible for her finan-cial support, and she for the running of the new home．Their children will be their common responsi-bility and their alone．Neither the wife&39; s parents nor the husband&39; s, nor their brothers or sisters,aunts or uncles, have any right to interfere with them--they are their own masters．

Readers of novels like Jane Austen&39; s Pride and Prejudice will know that in former times, mar-riage among wealthy families were arranged by the girl&39; s parents, that is, it was the parents&39; duty tofind a suitable husband for their daughter, preferably a rich one, and by skillful encouragement tolead him eventually to ask their permission to marry her．Until that time, the girl was protected andmaintained in the parents&39; home, and the fmancial relief of getting rid of her could be seen in theirgiving the newly married pair a sum of money called a dowry(嫁妆)．It is very different today．

Most girls of today get a job when they leave school and become financially independent before theirmarriage．This has had two results．A girl chooses her own husband, and she gets no dowry．Everycoin has two sides; independence for girls is no exception．But it may be a good thing for all of thegirls, as their social status are much higher and they are no longer the subordinate(部下，下级) oftheir parents and husbands．

What does the author mean by "Family is of course an elastic word"？ 查看材料

A.Different families have different ways of life．

B.Different definitions could be given to the word．

C.Different nations have different families．

D.Different times produce different families．

potheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is 1 to say it anyway. He is that 2 bird, a scientist who works independently 3 any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not 4 thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.

5 he, however, might tremble at the 6 of what he is about to do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only 7 that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in 8 are a particular people originated from central Europe. The process is natural selection.

This group generally do well in IQ test, 9 12-15 points above the 10 value of 100, and have contributed 11 to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the 12 of their elites, including several world-renowned scientists,13 hey also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts, 14 ave previously been thought unrelated. The former has been 15 social effects, such as a strong tradition of 16 ucation. The latter was seen as a (an) 17 genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately18 is argument is that the unusual history of these people has 19 em to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this 20 ate of affairs.

1._________

[A] selected[B] prepared[C] obliged[D] pleased

Part C

Directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)

There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.46It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. 47Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.

But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.48 While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. 49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability. If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.

50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.

46It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive.

根据下列文章，回答46～50题。

Directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)

There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.(46)It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. (47)Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world’s work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.

But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance. (48)While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. (49)Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or not we are forming the powers which will secure this ability. If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.

(50)We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education—that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.

第 46 题 (46)It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive.此处译文为：

an Society of Newspaper Editors is trying to answer this painful question. The organization is deep into a long selfanalysis known as the journalism credibility project.

Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly lowlevel findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of heads cratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.

But the sources of distrust go way deeper. Most jounalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (patterns) into which they plug each day's events. In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready made narrative structure for otherwise confusing news.

There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers, which helps explain why the “standard templates" of the newsroom seem alien to many readers. In a recent survey, questionnaires were sent to reportersin five middlesize cities around the country, plus one large metropolitan area. Then residents in these communities were phoned at random and asked the same questions.

Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks,and they're less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in a coummunity.

Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their work tends to reflect the conventional values of this elite. The astonishing distrust of the news media isn't rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorials skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers.

This is an explosive situation for any industry, particularly a declining one. Here is a troubled business that keeps hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the customers. Then it sponsors lots of symposiums and a credibility project dedicated to wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers. But it never seems to get around to noticing the cultural and class biases that so many former buyers are complaining about. If it did, it would open up itsdiversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.

第59题：What is the passage mainly about？

A needs of the readers all over the world

B causes of the public disappointment about newspapers

C origins of the declining newspaper industry

D aims of a journalism credibility project