It's much more effective to look through the materials at intervals over time

ess, and, for some, even adds extra years to their life. While the【C1】______between marriage and well-being has been【C2】______studied, predicting marital success is【C3】______. Exactly which people are likely to make successful 【C4】______and what can they do to【C5】______the odds of being successful and happy in marriage？ "The state of marriage is that its going in two directions. For people with a college degree, marriage is still going【C6】______." However, Cherlin explains, "for people with less 【C7】______, theres less marriage and more breakups." Happy marriage【C8】______are much less common in such households. Another predictor of successful marriages is the quality of a【C9】______childhood relationship with their parents. "The kind of relationships you have with your parents【C10】______up are predictive of marital quality in【C11】______Umberson says. Finally, there is a chicken-and-egg【C12】______to successful marriages. "People who are married are【C13】______than people who arent. The question is how much of this is【C14】______and how much is effect？" While natural selection【C15】______has an impact here, Cherlin says, "people who are【C16】______happy are more likely to get married, but marriage makes them even healthier." The【C17】______to good marriages is similar in Umbersons view. "I think its the presence of emotional support, and that the person youre with does make you feel emotionally supported," she says.【C18】______, "If your partner is 【C19】______and demanding" all the time, those "are just red flags" in terms of marital happiness. And in terms of【C20】______, she notes, "marital strain is worse for your health than marital happiness is good for your health."

【C1】

A．match

B．link

C．chain

D．mark

Nobel prize-winning economist, “That is, to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits.” But even if you accept Firedman’s premise and regard corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies as a waste of shareholders’ money, things may not be absolutely clear-cut. New research suggests that CSR may create monetary value for companies-at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.

The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than $ 15 billion a year on CSR, according to an estimate by EPG, a consulting firm. This could add value to their businesses in three ways. First, consumers may take CSR spending as a “signal” that a company’s products are of high quality. Second, customers may be willing to buy a company’s products as an indirect way to donate to the good causes it helps. And third, through a more diffuse “halo effect,” whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.

Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three. A recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under America’s Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA). It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company’s products as part of their investigations, they could be influenced only by the halo effect. The study found that, among prosecuted firms, those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties. Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firms’ political influence, rather than their CSR stand, that accounted for the leniency: Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.

In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do seem to be influenced by a company’s record in CSR. “We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern, such as child labour or increasing corpora giving by about 20% results in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for briding foreign officials,” says one researcher.

Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question of how much businesses ought to spend on CSR. Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect rather than the other possible benefits, when they decide their do-gooding policies. But at least they have demonstrated that when companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.

31. The author views Milton Friedman’s statement about CSR with

A.tolerance

B.skepticism

C.uncertainty

D.approval

According to Paragraph 2, CSR helps a company byA.winning trust from consumers.

B.guarding it against malpractices.

C.protecting it from being defamed.

D.raising the quality of its products.

The expression “more lenient’ (Line 2, Para. 4) is closest in meaning toA.more effective

B.less controversial

C.less severe

D.more lasting

When prosecutors evaluate a case, a company’s CSR recordA.has an impact on their decision.

B.comes across as reliable evidence.

C.increases the chance of being penalized.

D.constitutes part of the investigation.

Which of the following is true of CSR, according to the last paragraph？A.Its negative effects on businesses are often overlooked.

B.The necessary amount of companies’ spending on it is unknown.

C.Companies’ financial capacity for it has been overestimated.

D.It has brought much benefit to the banking industry.

请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析，谢谢！

A.can not complete his work in a noisy situation

B.will suffer from complete deafness because of noise pollution

C.can be psychologically affected by working in very noisy factories

D.may cooperate well in a noisy surrounding

form. of anunfavorable trade bal- ance (贸易逆差)with-other nations. Such an imbalance exists when the total valueof a country's imports ex- ceeds that of its exports. For example, if a countrybuys $ 250 billion of products from other countries, yet sells only $ 100billion of its own products overseas, its trade deficit is $ 150 billion. Manyunderdeveloped nations find themselves in this position because they lacknatural resources or the industrial capacity to use these resources, and thushave to import raw materials or manufactured goods. One effect of a trade deficit is the flowof currency (货币)out of a country. In the case of an underdeveloped nation, this cancause many financial difficulties, including failure to meet debt payments andobstacles to creation of an industrial base. Even in the case of a fullydeveloped nation such as the United States, a large tradedeficit is reason for alarm. American products, made by well-paid workers in USindustries, cost more to produce than those made in places like Asia, wherelabor and material costs are much lower. Money spent on foreign products ismoney not spent on items produced by domestic industries. Whatis the passage mainly about？

A. Several worldwide economic problems.

B. The causes and consequences of tradedeficit.

C. Lack of resources in underdevelopedcountries.

D. The value of exports against imports.

ntly unrelated facts. Color as seen is a mobile changeable thing depending to a large extent on the relationship of the color to other colores seen simultaneously. It is not fixed in its relation to the direct stimulus which creates it. On the other hand, the properties of surfaces that give rise to color do not seem to change greatly under a wide variety of illumination colors, usually (but not always) looking much the same in artificial light as in daylight. Both of these effects seem to the due in large part to the mechanism of color adaptation mentioned earlier.

When the eye is fixed on a colored area, there is an immediate readjustment of the sensitivity of the eye to color in and around the area viewed. This readjustment does not immediately affect the color seen but usually does affect the next area to which the gaze is shifted. The longer the time of viewing, the higher the intensity, and the larger the area, the greater the effect will be in terms of its persistence in the succeeding viewing situation. As indicated by the work of Wright and Schouten, it appears that, at least for a first approximation, full adaptation takes place over a very brief time if the adapting source is moderately bright and the eye has been in relative darkness just previously. As the stimulus is allowed to act, however, the effect, becomes more persistent in the sense that it takes the eye longer to regain its sensitivity to lower intensities. The net result is that, if the eye is so exposed and then the gaze is transferred to an area of lower intensity, the loss of sensitivity produced by the first area will still be present and appear as an "afterimage" super imposed on the second. The effect not only is present over the actual area causing the "local adaptation" but also spreads with decreasing strength to adjoining areas of the eye to produce "lateral adaptation". Also, because of the persistence of the effect if the eye is shifted around from one object to another, all of which are at similar brightnesses or have similar colors, the adaptation will tend to become uniform. over the whole eye.

This selection is concerned primarily with ______.

A．the eye's adaptation to color

B．the properties of colored surfaces

C．the effect of changes in color intensity

D．experiments on colored objects

A. The more animals… the less serious effect

B.The fewer animals… the more serious effect

C.The less animals… the much serious effect

D.The more animals… the more serious effect

【C1】______protecting the soil, providing water and【C2】______the climate. Trees【C3】______soil to mountainsides. Hills【C4】______the trees have been felled lose 500 times as【C5】______soil a year as those with trees.

Trees catch and【C6】______rainwater. Their leaves break the impact【C7】______the rains, robbing them of【C8】______destructive power. The roots of trees allow the water to go into the soil,【C9】______gradually releases it to flow down rivers and refill ground-water reserves. Where there are no【C10】______, the rains run in sheets of water off the land,【C11】______the soil with there Land【C12】______with trees and other plants【C13】______20 times more rainwater than【C14】______earth. As they grow, trees absorb carbon dioxide, the main【C15】______of the "greenhouse effect", which【C16】______irreversibly to change the world's climate. Together, the world's trees, plants and soils contain three times as much carbon as【C17】______is in the atmosphere.

The world's forests【C18】______the vast majority of its animal and plant species. The tropical rainforests【C19】______have well over half of them,【C20】______they cover only about 6% of the Earth's land surface.

【C1】

A．for

B．from

C．by

D．with

k potatoes were【C1】______, cut into shoestrings, and fried in its kitchens.【C2】______the chain expanded nationwide, in the mid-1960s, it sought to【C3】______labour costs, reduce the number of suppliers, and【C4】______that its fries tasted the same at every restaurant. McDonald's began【C5】______to frozen French fries in 1966—and few customers noticed the difference.【C6】______, the change had a profound effect【C7】______the nation's agriculture and diet. A familiar food had been transformed into a highly processed industrial【C8】______McDonald's fries now come from huge manufacturing plants【C9】______can process two million pounds of potatoes a day. The expansion【C10】______McDonald's and the popularity of its low-cost, mass-produced fries changed the way Americans eat.

The【C11】______of McDonald's French fries played a【C12】______role in the chain's success—fries are much more profitable than hamburgers—and was【C13】______praised by customers, competitors, and even food critics. Their【C14】______taste does not stem【C15】______the kind of potatoes that McDonald's【C16】______, the technology that processes them, or the restaurant equipment that fries them: other chains use Russet Burbank, buy their French fries from the【C17】______large processing companies, and have similar【C18】______in their restaurant kitchens. The taste of a French fry is【C19】______determined by the cooking oil. For decades McDonald's cooked its French fries in a mixture of about 7 per cent cottonseed oil and 93 per cent beef fat. The mixture gave the fries their unique【C20】______.

【C1】

A．scaled

B．stripped

C．peeled

D．sliced

epublican than the newspapers.()

stion, which are responsible for whatever healing may occur. This mysterious gift of self-healing is cloaked with an anodyne(止痛的) label, the "placebo effect", and recognized only as a nuisance likely to confound clinical trials. But the placebo (Latin for "I will please" ) and its shadowy twin the nocebo ("I will harm" ) are much more than methodological problems: they lie at the heart of every interaction between doctor and patient.

How they work no one knows. But the brain rules the body in many subconscious ways, including its control of the body's major hormones and its subtle influence over the immune system. So it's possible that, in ways yet unknown, expectations about health or disease are sometimes translated in to a bodily reaction that fulfils them. The power of these effects is hard to overstate.

A rule of thumb is that 30 percent of patients in the placebo half of a drug trial (i. e. those who unknowingly receive a dummy pill instead of the real thing) will experience all improvement in symptoms. But the proportion may be much higher. Just like real drugs, placebo pills can produce stronger effects in larger doses. Patients will report greater relief when given a larger pill, or two dummy capsules instead of one.

Doctors' expectations also contribute to the awesome power of the placebo effect. In a study of tooth extraction, patients were given either a painkiller or sham drugs. Some dentists were assigned to give either drug, without knowing which, but other dentists knew they would be giving only sham drugs. The patients whose dentists thought they had at least a 50-50 chance of giving a painkiller suffered significantly less pain. Presumably, doctors transmit their expectations to the patient through subtle cues, often without knowing they are doing so.

Placebo and noeebo ______.

A．only exist in people's imagination

B．were medicines used by Latin people

C．are very effective in healing

D．are hated by both doctors and patients

China was bound to 11 the US in terms of total energy consumption sooner or later, and according to IEA 12 , it happened in 2009.

One long-term factor behind this development is China's population – more than four times 13 of the US – with a growing appetite for consumer goods that need energy to use and to 14 .

The other key reason is China's rapid economic growth, an annual average of 10% 15 the last two decades, compared with a much slower 2.6% in the United States. Much of China's economic growth has been in industry and construction, which are big energy users.

The timing of China overtaking the US also reflects the global financial crisis, which 16 the American economy much harder and so had a bigger 17 on the country's energy use.

China's new 18 in energy consumption is yet another indicator of its growing influence in the global economy especially in international energy markets.

But while China's total energy consumption has, according to the IEA, overtaken the US, it's still far behind in terms of energy use per person, by a factor of more than three. Chinese officials have said the IEA's data are unreliable, and fail to 19 what they call their relentless efforts to cut energy use and emissions.

The response probably reflects China's sensitivity to criticism of its growing global influence. But the IEA's analysis is not a criticism. A senior official at the agency described China's growing energy consumption as legitimate, 20 its population.

11. A. overtake B. less C. much D. little

12. A. counts B. calculations C. multiplications D. outcomes

13. A. which B. as C. such D. that

14. A. turn down B. turn in C. manufacture D. fabricate

15. A. on B. beneath C. over D. under

16. A. hits B. hitting C. being hit D. hit

17. A. impact B. impacting C. effects D. effect

18. A. lead B. leader C. heading D. head

19. A. a time B. a stage C. an age D. a period

20. A. a presence B. an appearance C. an expression D. a disclosure