Adam has just graduated from the university, he is a green hand in the marketing management.

Passage One

"Sugar, alcohol and tobacco," economist Adam Smith once wrote, "are commodities which are nowhere necessaries of life, which have become objects of almost universal consumption, and which are, therefore, extremely popular subjects of taxation."

Two and a half centuries on, most countries impose some sort of tax on alcohol and tobacco. With surging obesity levels putting increasing strain on public health systems, governments around the world have begun to toy with the idea of taxing sugar as well.

Whether such taxes work is a matter of debate. A preliminary review of Mexico&39;s taxation found a fall in purchases of taxed drinks as well as a rise in sales if untaxed and healthier drinks. By contrast, a Danish tax on foods high in fats was abandoned a year after its introduction, amid claims that consumers were avoiding it by crossing the border to Germany to satisfy their desire for cheaper, fattier fare.

The food industry has, in general, been firmly opposed to such direct government action. Nonetheless, the renewed focus on waistlines means that industry groups are under pressure to demonstrate their products are healthy as well as tasty.

Over the past three decades, the industry has made some efforts to improve the quality of its offerings. For example, some drink manufactures have cut the amount of sugar in their beverages.

Many of the reductions over the past 30 years have been achieved either by reducing the amount of sugar, salt or fat in a product, or by finding an alternative ingredient. More recently, however.

Some companies have been investing money in a more ambitious undertaking: learning how to adjust the fundamental make-up of the food they sell. For example, having salt on the outside, but none on the inside, reduces the salt content without changing the taste.

While reformulating recipes(配方)is one way to improve public health, it should be part of a multi-sided approach. The key is to remember that

there is not just one solution. To deal with obesity, a mixture of approaches-including reformulation, taxation and adjusting portion sizes-will be needed. There is no silver bullet.

What did Adam Smith say about sugar, alcohol and tobacco.

A.They were profitable to manufacture.

B.They were in ever-increasing demand.

C.They were subject to taxation almost everywhere.

D.They were no longer considered necessities of life.

People in the US can now carry an artificial intelligence (AI) around in their pocket, where it waits patiently to be told what to do.

Siri, an iPhone application that understands spoken commands and uses the web to carry them out,is a byproduct from a US military project to develop an artificially intelligent assistant.

Many people's experience of a "virtual assistant" may be limited to Microsoft's annoying classic Mr. Clippy. But in the week we spent together, my AI assistant has performed admirably in finding me restaurants, or the location of the nearest coffee shop. It wasn't even stumped when I asked "do I need my umbrella today？" coming straight back with the local weather forecast.

A typical command might be: "Reserve a table for two at a good French restaurant in San Francisco." Siri responds by presenting a list of top-rated restaurants that can be booked on OpenTable.com. If you say which time you want, it can book you a table without your lifting a finger.

In some ways Siri is just a fancy front-end to the 35 sites it can connect to, from taxi booking sites to movie review databases. But what's new is the way it can interpret the intentions of its master or mistress and use those sites to put them into action.

Doing that requires the ability to actually understand the meaning of words you use, not just passing on keywords blindly, says Siri co-founder Adam Cheyer.

"Book a four-star restaurant in Boston seems pretty straightforward," says Cheyer, "until you realise that Book is a city in the US, and Star is also a city in the US, and there are 13 Bostons, and Star is also the name of a restaurant."

To cut through what Cheyer calls the "combined explosion of interpretations", Siri uses your location, and the history of the commands you've given. It knows that "book" is most likely a command verb, unless you happen to be near the city of Book.

Siri attaches probabilities to the interpretation of each word and cross-reference(参照) with your location and other data, some of which you must provide yourself.

According to the passage, Siri is most probably ______.

A．still at its experimental stage

B．very popular with iPhone users

C．a US military assistant software

D．an artificial intelligence software

It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories. Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has in life over Zoë Zysman. English names are fairly evenly spread between the halves of the alphabet. Yet a suspiciously large number of top people have surnames beginning with letters between A and K.

Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C respectively; and 26 of George Bush’s predecessors (including his father) had surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half. Even more striking, six of the seven heads of government of the G7 rich countries are alphabetically advantaged (Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chrétien and Koizumi). The world’s three top central bankers (Greenspan, Duisenberg and Hayami) are all close to the top of the alphabet, even if one of them really uses Japanese characters. As are the world’s five richest men (Gates, Buffett, Allen, Ellison and Albrecht).

Can this merely be coincidence？ One theory, dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rot sets in early. At the start of the first year in infant school, teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front, to make it easier to remember their names. So short-sighted Zysman junior gets stuck in the back row, and is rarely asked the improving questions posed by those insensitive teachers. At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape. Yet the result may be worse qualifications, because they get less individual attention, as well as less confidence in speaking publicly.

The humiliation continues. At university graduation ceremonies, the ABCs proudly get their awards first; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ. Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them.

第46题：What does the author intend to illustrate with AAA A cars and Zodiac cars？

A A kind of overlooked inequality.

B A type of conspicuous bias.

C A type of personal prejudice.

D A kind of brand discrimination.

根据下列材料，请回答题

Scotland：A Land of Wisdom

In the l740s，the famous French philosopher Voltaire said“We look to Scotland for all our ideas of civilization．’’That’S not a bad advertisement for any country when it comes to attracting people to search for a first-class education．

According to the American author Arthur Herman，the Scots invented the modern world it self．He argues that Scottish thinkers and intellectuals worked out many of the most important ideas on which modern life depends——everything from the scientific method to market economics．Their ideas did not just spread among intellectuals，but to those people in business，government and the sciences who actually shaped the Western world．

It all started during the period that historians call the Scottish Enlightenment（启蒙运动），which is usually seen as taking place between the years l 740 and l 800．Before that，philosophy was mainly concerned with religion．For the thinkers of the Scottish Enlightenment，the proper study of humanity was mankind itself．

Their reasoning was practical．For the philosopher David Hume，humanity was the fight subject for philosophy because we can examine human behavior. and SO find real evidence of how people think and feel．And from that we can make judgments about the societies we live in and make

concrete suggestions about how they can be improved，for universal benefit．

Hume’s enquiry into the nature of knowledge laid the foundations for the scientific method the pursuit of truth through experiment．His friend and fellow resident of Edinburgh，Adam Smith，famously applied the study of mankind to the ways in which mankind does business．Trade，he argued，was a form. of information．In pursuing our own interests through trading in markets，we all come to benefit each Other．

Smith’s idea has dominated modern views of economics．It also has wide applications．He was one of the philosophers to point out that nations can become rich，free and powerful through peace，trade and invention．

Although the Scottish Enlightenment ended a long time ago，the ideas which evolved at that time still underpin（构成……的基础）our theories of human exchange and enquiry．It also exists in Scotland itself in an educational tradition that combines academic excellence with orientation（方向）．

Scotland is the right place to receive a first．class education． 查看材料

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.Not mentioned

A．William Maddux and Adam Galinsky have carefully designed the test．

B．the experience of living abroad can give people a creative edge

C．American business students are less creative than those oversea students．

D．one’s creativity is associated with the length one has spent abroa

D．

And all this praise is just because the poor man has died—doesn't strike you as______ (sincere)

A.broken through

B.split up

C.cracked

D.snapped

John has just()up with his girl-friend.

A、split

B、kept

C、done

D、got

A.has

B.had just had

C.should have

D.has just had