The passage focuses on. A． why Pepperberg decided to carry out the experimentB

between marketing and selling.Not too many years ago, most industries concentrated primarily on the efficient production of goods, and then relied on “persuasive salesmanship” to move as much of these goods as possible.Such production and selling focuses on the needs of the seller to produce goods and then convert them into money.Marketing, on the other hand, focuses on the wants of consumers.It begins with first analyzing the preferences and demands of consumers and then producing goods that will satisfy them.This eye-on-the-consumer approach is known as the marketing concept, which simply means that instead of trying to sell whatever is easiest to produce or buy for resale, the makers and dealers first endeavor to find out what the consumer wants to buy and then go about making it available for purchase.This concept does not imply that business is benevolent(慈善的)or that consumer satisfaction is given priority over profit in a company.There are always two sides to every business transaction the firm and the customer and each must be satisfied before trade occurs.Successful merchants and producers, however, recognize that the surest route to profit is through understanding and catering to customers.A striking example of the importance of catering to the consumer presented itself in mid-1985, when Coca Cola changed the flavor of its drink.The non-acceptance of the new flavor by a significant portion of the public brought about a prompt restoration of the Classic Coke, which was then marketed alongside the new King Customer ruled!

1.The marketing concept discussed in the passage is, in essence, ____________.

A.the practice of turning goods into money

B.making goods available for purchase

C.the customer-centred approach

D.a form. of persuasive salesmanshi

2.What was the main concern of industrialists before the marketing concept was widely accepted？（）

A.The needs of the market

B.The efficiency of production

C.The satisfaction of the user

D.The preferences of the dealer

3.According to the passage, “to move as much of these goods as possible” (Lines 3-4, Para.I) means “_______________”.

A.to sell the largest possible amount of goods

B.to transport goods as efficiently as possible

C.to dispose of these goods in large quantities

D.to redesign these goods for large-scale production

4.What does the restoration of the Classic Coke best illustrate？（）

A.Traditional goods have a stronger appeal to the majority of people

B.It takes time for a new product to be accepted by the public

C.Consumers with conservative tastes are often difficult to please

D.Products must be designed to suit the taste of the consumer

5.In discussing the marketing concept, the author focuses on ___________.

A.its main characteristic

B.its social impact

C.its possible consequence

D.its theoretical basis

Passage 2

A study of art history might be a good way to learn more about a culture than is possible to learn in general history classes. Most typical history courses concentrate on politics, economics and war. But art history focuses on much more than this because art reflects not only the political values of a people, but also religious beliefs, emotions and psychology. In addition, information about the daily activities of our ancestors can be provided by art. (78) In short, art expresses the essential qualities of a time and a place, and a study of it clearly offers us a deeper understanding than can be found in most history books.

In history books, objective information about the political life of a country is presented; that is, facts about politics are given, but opinions are not expressed. Art, on the other hand, is subjective(主观的): it reflects emotions and opinions. The great Spanish painter Francisco Goya was perhaps the first truly “political” artist. In his well-known painting The Third of May, 1808, he criticized the Spanish government for its abuse (滥用) of power over people.

In the same way, art can reflect a culture’s religious beliefs. For hundreds of years in Europe, religious art had been almost the only type of art that existed. Churches and other religious buildings were filled with paintings that described people and stories from the Bible. Although most people couldn’t read, they could still understand the Bible stories in the pictures on church walls. By contrast, one of the main characteristics of art in the Middle East was (and still is) its absence of human and animal images. This reflects the Islamic belief that statues (雕像) are not holy.

6. More can be learned about a culture from a study of art history than general history because ___.

A. art history shows us nothing but the political values

B. general history only focuses on politics

C. art history gives us an insight (洞察力) into the essential qualities of a time and a place

D. general history concerns only religious beliefs, emotions and psychology

IV. Reading Comprehension (60 points)

Directions: There are five reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by four questions. For each question there are four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose one best answer and blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.

Passage One

Wild and farm birds often get a flu virus. Yet they usually are able to carry the virus without getting sick.

In 1997 six people in Hong Kong died of a different kind of bird flu virus. It is called the h-five-n-one virus. The Hong Kong government quickly ordered the killing of all farm birds there. That stopped the spread of h-five-n-one to people in Hong Kong.

Yet the virus bad already spread to other parts of Asia. It was found in 16 countries between 2003 and 2006.

The h-five-n-one virus first appeared in Africa. This raised many concerns about the spread of the disease. Scientists do not know exactly how bird flu came to Africa. At first, they thought wild birds were to blame. Now, officials with the U. N. Food and Agriculture Organization believe the main cause is trade in farm birds.

The bird flu virus is found in the waste and liquids of infected birds. The virus spreads when healthy birds or people touch sick birds or nay infected (被感染了的) part of sick birds. Right now, the virus is not spreading among person to person. But the virus could change and start spreading among people. Health officials believe that it is even more possible now that bird flu has spread in Africa, and that is why international organizations are working so hard to stop its spread.

The best way to stop the spread of bird flu is to kill all the chickens in an area where bird flu has been discovered. More than 145 000 chickens have been killed in Nigeria since bird fin was first found one year ago.

36. The passage focuses on ______.

A. wild and farm birds

B. a fin virus

C. bird flu

D. infected birds

e creation of a definitive and unique study of the American Presidency.A history of our nation’s highest office that focuses on not just the men who have held it, but on the events that have shaped it.

This extraordinary history of the Presidency will be unique in another important aspect.It will be recorded in precious metal-----on commemorative medals of silver and gold.

To bring this medallic history into being, our 38th President, Gerald R.Ford, has reexamined the history of the office of the presidency, choosing the 100 events in our nation’s history that were in his view most influential in shaping the nature of that office.Important, exciting, and controversial events that have defined-----and dramatized-----the extent of our President’s power.Turning points in American history that have enabled our Chief Executives-----from George Washington to Gerald Ford himself------to bring this country to the status of the most powerful country in the world.

Each of those events, in turn, will be interpreted by outstanding American artists in the form. of medallic sculpture.And their work will make up a collection of 100 commemorative medals unknown before-----finely detailed medals that will capture the whole fascinating history of the American Presidency.

1.According to the passage, Gerald R.Ford is going to （）

A.write a book on the history of the American Presidency.

B.have the history of the American Presidency represented in a series of monuments and statues.

C.outline the history of the American Presidency in the form. of a series of medals.

D.award some outstanding American artists.

2.It is suggested in the passage that （）

A.the project will be accomplished by Gerald R.Ford alone.

B.Gerald R.Ford will accomplish the task with the help of some well-known artists.

C.Gerald R.Ford will work in cooperation with his advisors to accomplish the task.

D.Gerald R.Ford will do the work with only the help from his secretary.

3.The number of the American Presidents to be included in the study project （）

A.will be no more than a hundred.

B.will be over a hundred.

C.has not been made clear in the passage.

D.will be 38.

4.When the passage was written, Gerald R.Ford （）

A.must have already left office.

B.was probably still on office.

C.was probably nearing the end of his term.

D.was probably running for a re-election.

5.Which of the following is the best title for the passage？

A.History of the American Presidency

B.Gerald R.Ford and his Predecessors

C.The Events That Have Defined the Extent of American Presidents'Powers

D.A History of the American Presidency in Precious Metal

Chokwe Selassie is on a mission to help drivers avoid potholes(路面坑洼). The eighth-grader was inspired to kick off his mission on a recent morning, when his mother was driving him to school. Their car was damaged as it went over a huge pothole in the middle of the street in their hometown of Jackson, Mississippi. "I decided I was going to do something about the pothole prob-lem in my city," Chokwe says. His solution: an app(手机应用) that warns drivers when there is a pothole ahead.

Chokwe developed the app with his friends Rodriguez Ratliff and Emmanuel Brooks. "When the app detects a potheole, it is highlighted(突出显示) in red," Chokwe says. "And if you get close to the pothole, your phone will warn you. " Drivers can also use the app to report any pot-holes" they encounter, and to look for other routes they can take to avoid roads that have them.

The app relies on Current available information about the streets of Jackson. "It works by u-sing the city&39; s 311 call system, so it uses information already stored in a database," Chokwe says.

(79) Through the call system, citizens dial 3-1-1 to report non-emergency problems--whiCh in-clude potholes. Chokwe and his friends determined that focusing on the 10 busiest streets in Jack-son would give them a large enough sample size to test the prototype(原型).

(80) Although the app isn&39; t yet available for sale, Chokwe is already looking for ways to im-prove it. The prototype remains limited&39;to 10 streets in Jackson, but he hopes to add more, so that it includes every street in the city. And then he wants to go even farther. "I want to keep working on the app until it&39; s nationwide," Chokwe says.

Which of the following is the best title for the passage？

A.A Solution to Traffic Jams

B.An App to Detect Potholes

C.Pothole Problems in Big Cities

D.Poor Road Conditions

The phrase kick off in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to__________.A.leave

B.invent

C.begin

D.shift

People use the 311 call system to report__________.A.emergencies

B.terrorist attacks

C.non-emergencies

D.child abuse

The prototype focuses on __________ streets in Jackson.A.10

B.15

C.20

D.25

According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE？A.Chokwe developed the app all by himself.

B.People can buy this app from the online store.

C.His mother' s car was once damaged over a pothole.

D.The app works by using the city's 911 call system.

请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析，谢谢！

A.of

B.in

C.with

D.on

ve. ()

This course focuses on the ()of economic analysis to the problems of inflatio unemployment, the balance of payments and enterprise behavior.

A conception

B combination

C application

D introduction

used to create a positive image for an organization.()